Ukukhetha iMithombo yeDatha kunye neZiko loPhando
Izinyathelo ezi-6 kwinkqubo yoPhando lweMarike
Inkqubo yophando lwemarike iqulethwe ngamanqanaba amathandathu adibeneyo okanye amanyathelo. Zizo zilandelayo:
- Inyathelo 1 - Ukuchaza ingxaki kunye neenjongo zophando
- Inyathelo 2 - Ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso sophando jikelele
- Inyathelo 3 - Ukuqokelela idatha okanye ulwazi
- Inyathelo 4 - Hlaziya idatha okanye ulwazi
- Inyathelo 5 - Okwangoku okanye ukusabalalisa iziphumo
- Inyathelo 6 - Sebenzisa iziphumo zokwenza isigqibo
Isigaba sesi-2: Ukuphuhlisa iSicwangciso soPhando jikelele
Umsebenzi wesigaba sesibini sophando lweemarike kukuqinisekisa indlela echanekileyo yokuqokelela ulwazi olulindelwe ukunika iimpendulo kumbuzo wophando. Ukuyila ucwangciso lophando luyinkqubo enzima kuba iquka izigqibo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Umcwaningi wemarike kufuneka anqume ukuba yeyiphi imithombo yedatha yokusebenzisa, uhlobo lophando oluza kuthatha, indlela yokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwedatha , ziphi izixhobo zophando zokuqesha, indlela yokucwangcisa isicwangciso sampulu , indlela yokukhusela imfihlo yabathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye yintoni iindlela ziya kusetyenziswa ukuqhagamshelana nabathathi-nxaxheba bezophando . Ukukhathazeka okubalulekileyo kukuba kuza kuba neendleko ezinjani ukuphumeza isicwangciso sophando.
Imithombo Yedatha yePrayimari neSekondari
Ngaphambi kokuba umcwaningi weemarike anqume ukuba zeziphi izixhobo zophando, kufuneka kwenziwe isigqibo malunga nemithombo yolwazi yokusetyenziswa .
Umcwaningi wemakethe angakhetha ukuqokelela idatha eprayimari, idatha yesibini, okanye zombini iindidi zolwazi. Idatha yeprayimari ibuthelwa okokuqala ngeprojekthi ethile yophando okanye injongo ethile. Idatha yesiSeko ikhona phambi kokuqaliswa kwiprojekthi entsha yophando, sele iqokelelelwe enye injongo.
Ukwahlula phakathi kwedatha yeprayimari nolwazi lwesibini kukuba idatha eqokelelwe ngokutsha idibene nophando oluphambili . Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwenkcukacha yophando oluphambili luphando oluhlanganyelweyo apho iqela labaphandi abanomdla kwinkinga efanayo yophando lithumela umniki-mveliso wobugcisa ozimeleyo ukuba aqhube isifundo kwaye abelane ngeziphumo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba.
Isenzo esiqhelekileyo nesiqilileyo ngumphandi weemarike ukuba ahlolisise imithombo yecandelo ekhoyo yecandelo ukujonga ukuba imibuzo yocwaningo ingaba yincinci okanye iphendulwe ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kweendleko zokuqokelela idatha ephambili. Iintlobo zedatha yesibini kukuba ngokuqhelekileyo zindleko eziphantsi okanye zifumaneke ngokukhululekile, kwaye zifumaneka ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba uphando luzaliswe. Impembelelo ebalulekileyo yenkcazelo yesibini kukuba ngokuqhelekileyo ayinakuqwalaselwa ngokuchanekileyo ukufezekisa i-ajenda yophando . Ngaloo ndlela, iinkcukacha zesekondari zingaphelelanga, zichanekile, zifumaneke, zingathembeki. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umphandi weemarike uya kufuneka ukuba azinikele kwinkqubo ethile yokuqokelela idatha.
U vavanyo lo vavanyo
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuqokelela ulwazi oluphambili luqala ngohlobo oluthile lokuvavanya umvavanya, nokuba nokuba kulula ukuba uxoxisana nabantu ngamacandelo okanye ngabanye ukuba bazive indlela abantu ababona ngayo isihloko okanye umbuzo .
Emva koko kusetyenziswe isicwangciso esisemthethweni sophando, uvavanyo-vavanyo kwakhona kwiingxaki, kwaye zisetyenziselwa kwintsimi ukuqhuba uphando olufunwayo, konke ngokucwangcisa isicwangciso sophando .
Ii-4 zeeMpawu zokuPhucula eziPhambili ukuThola iinkcukacha zoPhando oluPhambili
Kukho iintlobo ezine eziphambili zophando ezikhoyo kubaphandi beemarike: (1) Imibuzo okanye uphando , (2) izixhobo zengqondo , (3) izixhobo zokusebenza, kunye (4) nemilinganiselo yokulinganisa .
Imibuzo okanye uphononongo - Ukuqokelela idatha yophando oluphambili, uphando lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo. Nangona isilathisi sophando sisenokungaguquki kwaye singabibizi, kufuna ukunyamekela ngethuba lophuhliso. Zonke iiphononongo kufuneka zivivinywe uvavanyo, ubuncinane kwinqanaba elithile, phambi kokuba zikhutshwe kwaye zilawulwe kwisampula ekujoliswe kuyo . Iifom ezithatha imibuzo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngenyameko ukuqinisekisa ukuba zenza njengoko zikulindeleke kwaye zihambelana kakuhle nakwixwebhu lophando ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuphuculwa kwemibuzo yolu vavanyo yinto yobugcisa kunye nesayensi . Ngethamsanqa, izikhokelo ezininzi zokuhlola uphuhliso, ukuphathwa kunye nokufaka amanqaku zikhoyo.
Izixhobo zengqondo -Izixhobo ezintathu ezisetyenziswa ngabantu ukuqokelela iinkcukacha eziphambili zi:
Ubungcali bokubuza imibuzo, iingxoxo ezidityanisiweyo kunye novavanyo lwe-Rorschach .
- Imibuzo yokukhawuleza iyaqhubeka iphinda iphenye ngokubanzi kwiingcamango nemibono yabamphendulayo. Inkqubo yindlela yokuphendula ukuze umbuzo ngamnye olandelayo uveliswe ngokwempendulo kumbuzo wangaphambili. Ukukhwela i-Laddering yindlela eye yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindlela zokulungisa iingxaki kunye neendibano zocweyo. Uphando olunzulu olunzulu luquka ukuphonononga ngokugqithiseleyo kumava kumthengi.
- Inkqubo yoxilongo olunzulu lwaluphuhliswe yi-Earnest Dichter -yinto ephakamileyo-kwaye yahlula phakathi kophando olulinganisiweyo kunye nophando oluninzi ngokubhekiselele kweso sangaphambili njengentloko yehla kunye neyokugqibela njengokubala kwempumlo . Akufuneki ukuthetha, iDichter yayingumgqugquzeli wophando olulinganisayo .nxibelelwano olufana nelo lwenziwa kwi-Rorschach uvavanyo luye lwaphuhliswa uphando lweemarike nguGerald Zaltman wase-Olson Zaltman Associates.
- Iimvavanyo ezifana neRorschach. I sixhobo saziwa ngokuba yiZaltman Metaphoric Techication (ZMET) kwaye isebenzisa imifanekiso engummiselo ukufikelela kwimibutho yabathengi abaneentlobo ezithile zemveliso . Ngokuqhelekileyo, inxaxheba kwisifundo esisekelwe kwi-ZMET siya kuqokelela imifanekiso esuka kwimimandla eninzi eneemifanekiso ezingenanto yokuthetha ukuze zivakalise iimvakalelo kunye neengcamango ezinxulumene nazo malunga nomhlobo wemveliso.
Ngamanye amaxesha izixhobo zamatshini zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iimpendulo zomzimba zabathathi-nxaxheba kwiimpawu zeemveliso okanye iintengiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kulinganiswa ngumdla okanye iimvakalelo ekuphenduleni oko kubonakalayo, ukuva, ukuziva okanye ukuva. Iifowuni zendlela yokusetyenziswa ekuqokelelwa kwedatha zibandakanya i-Galvanometers, iikhamera zamehlo, iirejistri zamehlo, i-audiometers, kunye ne-tachistoscopes ezibonisa umfanekiso okanye isikhangiso ngenqaku elifutshane.
Amanyathelo afanelekileyo afana nokuqhelekileyo kuphando oluphambili njengenkqubela phambili kwiinkqubo zeteknoloji iindlela ezihlukeneyo, ezifana nokuhlola kwe-intanethi kunikwe amandla ngu-SurveyMonkey. Abathengi bavuliwe ngekhnoloji eyinkcazo apho bangarekhoda iimpawu zabo zemveliso okanye imiba yabathengi babo. Amanye ama-arhente enkonzo yokuphanda iimarike aze angene kumakhaya abathengi ukuba abonakalise ukusebenzisana kwabo nemveliso. Ezi vidiyo zihlonyelwe kwisalathisi esibonakalayo esetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya ukuziphatha kwabathengi . Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokukhetha amanyathelo omgangatho wokuphonononga okanye ukuphanda udliwano-ndlebe kukuba iintembelelo kunye neenjongo zabathengi abahlala behluleka ukufanisa ukuziphatha kwabo ngokoqobo kwiindawo zokubambisana kweentengiso okanye izigqibo zokuthenga.
Imithombo:
Kotler, P. (2003). UkuPhathwa kweNtengiso (11th.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: I-Pearson Education, Inc., i-Prentice Hall.
Lehmann, DR Gupta, S., kunye neSeckel, J. (1997). Uphando lwemakethi. Ukufunda, MA: I-Addison-Wesley.