Yazi ixesha lokusebenzisa i-Top-Down kunye nexesha lokusebenzisa iindlela eziphantsi
Uphando oluPhezulu
Ukuqiqa ngokucokisekileyo kuyindlela ephezulu-phambili esebenza ngokubanzi ukuya ngqo. Kuphando oluthile, oko kuthetha ukuba umphandi weemarike uqala isifundo ngokuqwalasela iingcamango eziye zaphuhliswa ngokuhambelana nesihloko somdla.
Le ndlela ivumela umcwaningi wemarike ukuba acinge ngophando oluye lwaqhutyelwa kwaye luhlakulele ingcamango malunga nokwandisa okanye ukongeza kweso siseko esiyiyo.
Le ngcamango entsha iya kuvavanywa ngumphandi wemakethe kwinkqubo yokuqhuba isifundo esitsha. Idatha echanekileyo eqokelelwe kwaye ihlalutyiweyo kwisifundo esitsha iya kubangela isiseko sovavanyo lweengcinga. [Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ingcamango engaqinisekanga ayizange ifakwe ingqina lobuxoki.]
Uphuhliso loPhando oluPhezulu
- Jikelele - Uphando lweencwadi kunye neengcamango
- Inqaku leMdla
- Iingcamango ezinxulumene nengcamango
- Hypothesis
- Ukuqokelela Iinkcukacha
- Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha kunye novavanyo lwe-Hypothesis
- Qinisekisa i-Hypothesis okanye Akunjalo
- Sasaza i ziphumo
Uphando loPhando
Ukuqiqa ngokuchukumisayo yindlela ephantsi-ehambayo esuka kwindawo ethile ukuya kwi-jikelele. Kule meko, okubhekiselele kumbono owenziwe ngumphandi weemarike ekugqibeleni okhokelela ekuveleni ngokubanzi kunye nenkolelo.
[Kungaba kubalulekile ukuphawula-kwiingxoxo kunye noogxa okanye kuluntu-ukuba eli gama lingezantsi kwaye aliyi- bottoms-up . I-Bottoms-up yintlobo yesonka sokusela, into enokubonakala ilungile xa uphando lugqityiwe.]
Indlela yokucwaninga yokuthoma iqala ngokuqwalasela okubalulekileyo eyenziwa ngumphandi weemarike oqala isifundo ngombono okanye ngesihloko somdla, njengendlela yokunciphisa uphando.
Nangona kunjalo, kwindlela yokukhupha, umphandi akaqwalaselanga iinkcazo ezihambelanayo kude kubekho uphando. Ukusuka kwezi zihlandlo okanye iipateni, umcwaningi wemakethe uvelisa iindatshana eziza kuhlalutya kwedatha.
Uphando loPhando
- Ecacileyo - Ukuqwalaselwa kunye neMilinganiselo
- Inqaku leMdla
- Ukuqokelela Iinkcukacha
- Amacandelo eDatha okanye iipatheni
- Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha
- Izihloko zivela
- Ukuqhelaniswa
- Sasaza i ziphumo
Uphando oluninzi kunye ne-Hypothesis
Ukuba umphandi weemarike uqhuba uphando oluninzi , kweli nqaku, iingcamango zingacingwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umcwaningi weemarike uqhuba uphando olulinganiselayo, ngoko-vavanyo lwe-hypothesis olusemthethweni aluqhubekanga. Kunoko, umcwaningi weemarike angenza i-generalizations ngokusekelwe kumandla edatha kunye neempendulo eziye zavela.
Uqokelelo lweenkcukacha kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha kwi-qualitative uphando luyi-iterative. Oko kukuthi, ukuqokelelwa kwedatha akukwenzeka konke kanye emva koko - njengokungathi umcwaningi weemarike ulahlile ukuhlalutya kwedatha yokuqala. Kunoko, ezinye iinkcukacha ziqokelelwa, eziqwalaselwa ngumphandi, kwaye ke ezinye iinkcukacha ziqokelelwa kwaye ziqwalaselwe, njalo njalo. Kwinqanaba elithile, xa iqoqo leedatha okanye iipateni ezaneleyo zenzeke, umcwaningi weemarike uya kuthatha isigqibo sokuba ukuqokelela idatha kunganciphisa, kumise okanye kutshintshe indlela.
Uqokelelo lweenkcukacha kunye nohlalutyo lweedatha kwiphando elincinci lunezigaba ezihlukeneyo. Ukudibanisa ukuqokelela idatha kunye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha ngendlela yokwenza uphando olulinganiselayo kuya kuthoba ingqibelelo yedatha. Olunye usosayensi luza kuthi ukungabikho kwemida ekuqokelelwa kwedatha nokuhlaziywa kwedatha kubangela ukuba idatha ingcoliswe kwaye uphando lube lukhulu. Iziphumo ezivela kuloluphando olucwangcisiweyo aluyi kubonwa njengeziqinileyo.
Ucwaningo lwe Causal, Inquiry Exploratory, kunye Nento Ephakathi-phakathi
Izindlela zophando ezisezantsi zivakalelwa ngakumbi, kodwa aziyizona zenzululwazi ezingezizo zophando eziphezulu. Ngenxa yokuba uhlobo ngalunye lophando luba neenzuzo kunye nokungahleleki, akuqhelekanga ukuba ufunde ukusebenzisa iindlela ezidibeneyo.
Umcwaningi wemakethi osebenzisa iindlela ezixubekileyo usebenzisa indlela yokucwaninga ngokucuthayo kumacandelo ophando olubonisa izibophelelo eziqinileyo.
Ngenye indlela, indlela yokucwaninga inokusetyenziswa kwiinkalo zesifundo esibonakala ngathi sidinga uphando oluthe xaxa.
Kuyinto engafanelekanga ukuveza umfanekiso wengqondo yeendlela ezichithwayo kunye nezindlela ezithintekayo njengamacala amabini enye. Ngokwenza oko, ziziphelo ezimbini zokuqhubeka. Uphando oluthathakayo ludibaniswa nolayini kunye nokukhangela ubudlelwane be-causal. Uphando oluthile lunxulumene nobunzulu bokuphanda kunye neenkcazo malunga neziganeko. Izindlela ezidibeneyo zinokufakwa kwindawo ephakathi kwinqanaba le-continuum ngokugxininisa kububanzi bezophando.
Eli nqaku liqulethe inkcazelo elula kakhulu malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokutsalwa kunye nophando. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuphanda iimakethi. Umxholo okweli nqaku uqalisa ukukhangela phezulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba sibheka ingcamango yefilosofi yokucatshulwa nokukhumbuza, sinokubhekisela kwiindlela ezifana nokuzikhethela kunye nemvelo.