Uphando olulungileyo lunengxaki ye-PR. Udumo lwayo luyinto yokuzimela kunye nesayensi. Le ngcamango ixhaswa kukuba iifom zokufumana iziphumo aziyizibalo nangona idatha yenkqubela ingaguqulelwa kwi-data eninzi . Ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda ngokucacileyo isiseko sesayensi kunye neenkqubo zophando lwekhwalithi, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola isakhelo sobungqina kunye nenqobo yefilosofi.
Uphando olufanelekileyo lusebenzisa inkqubo yokuqiqa ngokusekwa rhoqo ukubeka ibitshi yedatha kunye nokwenza iipholes okanye izibilini. Kule nkqubo, intsingiselo ivela. Ngophando olulinganisiweyo, intsingiselo yenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kwezihlomelo ezahlukeneyo zabathathi-nxaxheba. Kuthathwe ndawonye, le ngcamango ifake isandla ekwakheni i-theory.
Isikhokelo soBuchule kunye noGestalt
Ngombono, abaphandi banokubeka i-gestalt okanye iindlela zokubona. Xa abaphandi bevuma imfundiso ethile, kuba kuba bayayiqonda ingcamango yokuba baqonde kwaye bachanekileyo banikezelwa ulwazi abazisa kulo uphando. Enye ingxaki ngamagestalts kukuba xa umntu esamkele indlela yokucinga, kudla kunzima ukuqonda into engekho ngaphandle kwesi sikhokelo.
Cinga ukuba inkolelo inokwandisa kwaye iyanqande isizukulwana sentsingiselo malunga neemeko.
Uphando olululo lusebenza kakuhle njengendlela yokwenza amanyathelo amasha kunye nokufaka isandla ekuphuhlisweni kweengcamango ezintsha. Iinkqubo ezenza uphando lwekhwalithi zenza ukuba umphandi afike ngaphandle kweengcamango eziqinisekileyo kwaye wamkela iigestalts. Kukho ubuchule obuninzi obusesikweni obangela umphandi ukuba agcine ingqondo evulekileyo ngexesha lophando olululo.
Izicwangciso ezihlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa uphando olulinganisiweyo ukusiza ekutshintsheni kwe-gestalt. Esinye sezicwangciso kukuguqula ukugxila. Ukuqwalasela le nto ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo akuhlali kukhululekile ekuqaleni, kodwa kunikezwe ixesha, ingqondo iguqula indlela entsha yokujonga ngendlela efanayo abantu abajonga ngayo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhanya. I-gestalt entsha ithetha ngokukhawuleza ivakale kwaye ifikelele kwizinga lokuqonda nokuzinza.
Ukucinga okucwangcisiweyo
Olunye uhlobo luneziseko ezisemgangathweni zenkcubeko okanye zembali. Xa abaphengululi bahlola ezi zinto, banokusebenzisana neengcamango zengqungquthela okanye zomekisiwe okanye imibono. Ezi ngcamango eziqinileyo zibonakaliswa yienkolelo ezinde, ezingenakunyakaziswa. Ingxaki kukuba ezi nkolelo zinokungalunganga okanye ziphosakeleyo.
Ngokulandela iindibano zeempawu, abaphandi bangaphuma kwiingozi zeengcamango zesimo. Oku kubangelwa kukuba uphando olulungelelwanisiweyo luqhubela phambili (uphando ngamnye) kwi-theory (umgaqo-siseko), ngelixa uphando oluthile luhamba ukusuka jikelele (i-theory).
Uphando olulungeleleneyo luyinto engqongqo, ngokuchasene nokugxeka okuqhelekileyo, kodwa uphando olulinganisiweyo lufanele luhlolwe ngokubhekiselele kwimilinganiselo yemigaqo-imigaqo ehlukeneyo kunokuba isetyenziswe ukuvavanya idatha eninzi.
Uphando olunzulu lophando luvela kwezi zinto:
- Ukuphendula
- Ecacileyo
- Ukuchaneka
- Injongo
- Esekelwe kwimfundiso
Uphando olunzulu lophando luvela kulezi zinto:
- Ukuvuleka
- Esisekelwe kumava
- Ukuhambelana nomhlaba wefilosofi
- Ukuqokelela idatha ngokubanzi
- Ukuqwalasela yonke idatha ukuze ifike kwiingcamango
Uphando olulinganiselayo alubhekiseli kwixabiso-Ikhululekile
Umongo apho iqokelelo lwedatha yophando eqokelelwe luvulekile, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ixabiso alihambelani kwinkqubo yokuqokelela idatha. Enyanisweni, yonke indlela yokwenza umgangatho isekelwe kwi-orientation yefilosofi eyenza iimo kwaye ifuthe ukuhlalutya kwedatha nokutolika . Ngenxa yoko, iindlela zokwenza uphando olulungileyo ziboniswe kwisikhokelo esichaza indlela kwaye isebenzisa icebo lenkcazo ethile yefilosofi.
Iindlela eziphambili zeendlela zophando zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
- Iprohenomenology
- Ethnography
- Uphando lwezenzo
Uphando olulungileyo lwenziwa ngamanye amaxesha ngumbonisi othatha inxaxheba. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkonzo zentlalo yoluntu apho umcwaningi wemarike ethatha inxaxheba kwincoko kwaye uxoxisana nabathengi.
Ukungabikho kobuchule bokuphanda ngophando kungabangela umphumo wobuchule bokuphanda. Mhlawumbi umphandi akaqokeleli idatha eyaneleyo okanye uqokelele idatha ephathekayo engafanelekanga , okanye i-data ayinikwe ingqwalasela ngokucokisekileyo okufanelekileyo, okanye ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezingenakulinganiswa ngesinye isizathu.