Ziziphi iiNkqubo zoPhando zoQoqosho?
Iingcamango zokusebenza kunye nokuthembeka zingaphandle kwamanye amazwe kwiinkalo zophando. Iingcamango azikho nje ezifanelekileyo. Esikhundleni sokugxila ekuthembekeni nasekuqinisekiseni, abaphandi abanomgangatho wobungqina bokwethembeka kwedatha . Ukuthenjwa kubandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo: (a) Ukuthembeka; (b) ukudluliselwa; (c); xho mekeka; kunye (d) nokuqinisekisa.
Ukuthembeka nokuthenjwa
Ukuthembeka kubangela inkolelo ekuthembekeni kwedatha ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezilandelayo: (a) ukubandakanyeka ixesha elide; (b) ukujonga okuqhubekayo ; (c) i-triangulation; (d) ngokwaneleyo ukufaneleka ; (e) ukuxubusha koontanga; kwaye (f) ilungu lihlola.
Ukuhlolwa kweengxaki kunye nokuhlolwa kwamalungu ziindlela eziphambili nezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukulungisa ukuthembeka .
I-Triangulation ifezekiswa ngokubuza imibuzo efanayo yophando yabathathi-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo kunye nokuqokelela idatha esuka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuphendula loo mibuzo yophando. Ilungu lihlolwe xa umphandi ebuza ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bahlaziye zombini idatha eqokelelwe ngudliwano-ndlebe kunye nophando lwabaphandi beli dlu ludliwano. Abathathi-nxaxheba ngokuqhelekileyo bayayixabisa inkqubo yokutshekisha ilungu, kwaye bayazi ukuba baya kuba nethuba lokuqinisekisa iingxelo zabo kubangela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bafunde ngokuzithandela ukuzalisa nayiphi na ikhefu kwiingxoxo zangaphambili . Ithemba liyinto ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokutshekisha ilungu.
Jikelele kunye nokuThenjwa
Ukutshintshiselwa kukuveliswa kweziphumo zophando kwezinye iimeko kunye neemeko. Ukutshintshwa kwezinto akuthathwa njengenjongo yokwenza uphando lwendalo.
Iimeko apho iqoqo leenkcukacha ezifanelekileyo lichaza khona idatha kwaye igalelo ekuchazeni idatha . Ngenxa yezi zizathu, ukuveliswa kophando olulinganiselweyo kuphelelweyo.
Isampuli ekuthengayo ingasetyenziselwa ukujongana nombandela wokudluliswa kolwazi njengoko ulwazi oluthe ngqo lukhulu ngokumalunga nomxholo apho kuqokelelwa kwedatha.
Oko kukuthi, ulwazi oluthile kunye nolwahlukileyo lugxininiswe kwisampuli esichengileyo , kunokuba lube nolwazi olubanzi kunye nolwazi olubanzi, oluya kwenzeka, ngokubanzi, ngokuphanda. Isampuli esichengileyo kufuneka ukuba kuqwalaselwa iimpawu zamalungu ngamnye kwisampuli kwizinto ezinjalo ezihambelana ngqo nemibuzo yophando.
Ukuthembeka nokuthembeka
Ukuthenjwa kuxhomekeke ekuqinisekiseni . Ngoko ke, abaphandi abaninzi abalinganiswa bakholelwa ukuba ukuba ukuthembeka kuye kwaboniswa, akufuneki ukuba kunye nokubonakalisa ngokwahlukileyo ukuthembeka . Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umphandi uvumela ukuchithwa kwemigqaliselo, ukuthembeka kubonakala kunxulumene nokuqinisekiswa nokuthembeka kubonakala kunxulumene nokuthembeka.
Ngamanye amaxesha ukuchaneka kwedatha kuhlolwa ngokusetyenziswa kophicotho-nkcukacha. Uphicotho-zincwadi lweenkcukacha luya kwenziwa ukuba isetekethi yedatha isisityebi esinexabiso kangangokuba umphicothi-zincwadi unokugqiba ukuba imeko yophando iyasebenza kwiimeko zabo. Ngaphandle kweenkcukacha ezaneleyo nolwazi olusemgangathweni, oku akunakwenzeka. Kungakhathaliseki, kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba injongo ayiyi kuvelisa ngaphaya kwesampuli.
Umphandi ofanelekileyo kufuneka abhalise ngokungqinelana neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuthathwa kwezigqibo (i-Dey, 1993, iphe.
100). Ubuchule bomphandi okhangela ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yohlalutyo lweenkcukacha, ukuhlala uvulekile ukuguquka, ukuphepha ukugqithisa, nokuqwalasela kwangaphambili iimpapasho ezingenakufumaneka okanye ezinokungenakukhunjulwa, kuxhomekeka ngokubanzi kwi-familiarer's knowledge and understanding of data. Olu nqanaba lohlalutyo lwedatha lufezekiswa ngokungena kwi-data (i-Glasser & Strauss, ngo-1967).
Uphando olulungelelanayo lunokuqhutyelwa ukuphinda uphinde uphendule umsebenzi wangaphambili, kwaye xa le njongo, kubalulekile ukuba iindidi zeenkcukacha zibe zenziwe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. Ukuze kwenzeke oku, umphandi kufuneka enze iimigaqo ezichaza iimpawu zecandelo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukufakwa kwebhanki nganye yeenkcukacha ezigcinwe kuloluhlu kunye nokubonelela ngesiseko semvavanyo kamva yokuphindaphinda (uLincoln & Guba, 1985, iphe.
347).
Ubugcisa bokuPhando nokuQiniseka
Inkqubo yokucoca idatha ngaphakathi kunye nakwiindidi kufuneka iqhutywe ngendlela efanelekileyo, ukuze idatha iqulunqwe kuqala ngamaqela ngokweempawu ezifanayo ezibonakala ngokukhawuleza. Ukulandela le nyathelo, idatha ifakwa kwiibalo kunye neengcingo eziphantsi, okokuba ukwahlukana kusekelwe ekuchaseni okugqithisileyo nokugqithiseleyo.
Ngendlela yokubhala i memos, umgcini ophando ogciniweyo ubhala malunga nokuvela kwamaphetheni okanye utshintsho kunye neengcamango ezinxulumene nenkqubo yokucoca udidi. Iinkcazo zeklasi zingalindelwa ukuba zitshintshe kwikhosi yovavanyo kuba oko kuyimfuneko kwinkqubo yokuqhathaniswa rhoqo -iindidi zibe zincinci ngokubanzi kwaye zichaneke ngakumbi njengoko idatha iqokelelwe kwaye ihlanganiswe phakathi kwenkqubo yophando. Xa kuchazwa iindidi, ngoko ke, kufuneka sinyamekele kwaye sizame ukuthobela idatha , kwaye sizame kwiingcamango zethu (Dey, 1993, iphe. 102).
Imithombo:
Dye, JG, Schatz, IM, Rosenberg, BA, kunye neColeman, ST (2000, Januwari). Indlela yokuqhathaniswa rhoqo: i-kaleidoscope yedatha. Ingxelo eQinisekayo, 4 (1/2).
IGlaser, B., noS Strauss, A. (1967). Ukufunyanwa kweengcamango ezisemgangathweni: Amacandelo okuphanda uphando. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
ULincoln, YS, neGuba, i-EG (1985). Uphando lwendalo. I-Newbury Park, CA: Sage.