Inkonzo Yomshuwalense weNkxaso-mali
Inkokhelo ye-inshorensi yabasebenzi ihlawulela abasebenzi kubaxinzelelo emsebenzini. Ingxelo yokugunyaza ininzi yezizwe. Ngako oko, amaninzi amashishini aqeshwe ngabasebenzi ayanyanzelekile ngumthetho ukuthenga ukuhlawulelwa kwembuyekezo yabasebenzi.
Umvelaphi weMithetho yeMbuyekezo yeMisebenzi
Ngaphambi kokuba imithetho yombuyekezo yabasebenzi isetyenziswe, abasebenzi base-US babhekana nobuninzi beengozi ezinxulumene nengqesho. Uninzi olunzima olwenziwa ngamatshini angcolileyo, iimigodi ezinothuli okanye iiofisi ezicima umlilo.
Abasebenzi abaninzi babenobungozi obukhulu okanye babulawa emsebenzini.
Abasebenzi abalimala (okanye abo basinda) abafuna umvuzo ngenxa yokulimala kwabo babenokhetho olulodwa kuphela: ukuxhatshaza umqeshi wabo. Abambalwa abaqeshwa bathathe eli nyathelo. Esinye into, ukugwetywa kwamacala kubiza kakhulu kwaye abasebenzi abaninzi babengenamali efunekayo. Okwesibini, abaqeshi banokukunqoba amaninzi amacala omsebenzi ngokusebenzisa esinye sezikhuselo ezintathu ezibhalwe ngezantsi. Ezi zikhuselo zibizwa ngokuba yi-"trinitarian", ngenxa yokuba babenzima kakhulu kubasebenzi abalimeleyo ukunqoba:
- Igalelo lokunyaniseka : Ukunyaniseka kwabasebenzi kungabangela inxaxheba kwingozi.
- Ukuxhomekeka koMngcipheko: Umqeshwa uthatha ingozi yomsebenzi xa avumile ukusebenza.
- Umntu ongenamsebenzi wokunganakwa: Ukulimala kwabasebenzi kubangelwa ukunganakwa komnye umntu
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abantu baseMelika babeba novelwano kubasebenzi abalimalayo kwaye bafuna ukuguqulwa. Ngowe-1911, iWisconsin yadlulisela umthetho wokuhlawulela abasebenzi base-US Ezinye iinkcukacha zilandelwa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngowe-1920 uninzi lwamazwe lwadlulile umthetho wokuhlawulela abasebenzi.
Urhulumente wokugqibela u-Mississippi, owadlulisela umthetho wawo ngo-1948.
The Grand Bargain
Imirhumo yembuyekezo yomsebenzi idlalwa ngokuba yi-Grand Mergain phakathi kwabasebenzi nabaqeshi. Imithetho ibophelela abaqeshi ukuba banikele ngeenzuzo, nge-insurer yabo yokuhlawula imali, kubasebenzi abalimele emsebenzini. Ukuba abaqeshi bafezekisa lo msebenzi, baninzi (bazininzi) bakhuselwe kumacala asebenza ngabalimala.
Phantse kuwo wonke amazwe, i-inshorensi yokuhlawula i-inshorensi yenzelwe ukuba yinkqubo yodwa yabasebenzi abalimele emsebenzini. Ngaloo ndlela, imithetho imelana nabasebenzi ukuba bangabaxhasi abaqeshi babo ngenxa yokwenzakalisa ukuxhatshazwa komsebenzi ukuba abasebenzi bafunyaniswe ne-inshurensi yembuyekezo yomshuwalense.
Imiqulu Yomthetho Ininzi Abasebenzi
Nangona imithetho yembuyekezo yezabasebenzi ifihla ininzi yabasebenzi, banakho okunye. Ezi zihluka ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwilizwe ukuya kwilizwe. Cishe zonke iindawo azibandakanyi abantu, njengabasebenzi baselwandle, abaqinisekisiwe phantsi kwenkqubo yokuhlawulela abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni. Uninzi lwamazwe alubandakanyi iikontraki ezizimeleyo , abasebenzi basekhaya kunye nabasebenzi bezolimo. Amanye amazwe akhipheli abasebenzi kwimisebenzi ethile, njengabafundisi abakhethiweyo, abameli bezindlu kunye nabadlali bezemidlalo. Ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba umthetho usebenza njani kwimeko yakho, qhagamshelana nommeli wakho womshuwalense okanye ummeli.
Umqondiso wemithetho yokuhlawulela yabasebenzi kukuba bahlawula inzuzo kungakhathaliseki ukuba bayiphosiso. Abasebenzi bafumana isinxephezelo ngenxa yokulimala okuxhomekeke kumsebenzi, nokuba ukunyaniseka kwabo okanye kwintsebenziswano kunye nabo kubangele ukulimala kwabo.
Izinzuzo zinikezelwa
Imithetho kaRhulumente ichaza izibonelelo ezinikezelwa kwabasebenzi abalimele. Amazwe ahambelana ngokufanelekileyo kwiintlobo zezibonelelo ababonelela ngazo. Ezi ziquka ngokubanzi:
- Uncedo lwezonyango: Kuquka iindleko zonyango ugqirha, isibhedlele kunye nokunonophala; mayeza; iimvavanyo zokuxilonga; ulungiso lwenyama; kunye nezixhobo zonyango
- Ukukhubazeka: Inikeza ukubuyisela okuyingxenye yemvuzo elahlekileyo ngexesha lokukhubazeka kwexeshana okanye ngokusisigxina. Ukukhubazeka kungabikho okanye kuyingxenye.
- Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona: Unika uqeqesho loqeqesho lwabasebenzi abamele batshintshe imisebenzi ngenxa yokulimala kwabo
- Ukufa: Ukuhlawula umvuzo wokufa kumlingane osinda kunye nabantwana abancinci kwabasebenzi ababulawa emsebenzini
Nangona abaninzi bebanokufumana iintlobo ezifanayo zeenzuzo, iirhafu ezibonelela zona ziyahluka kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, elinye ilizwe linokubonelela ngeeveki ezingama-500 zeenzuzo zokukhubazeka okwethutyana. Olunye urhulumente angahlawula iintlawulo kwiiveki ezingama-104 kuphela.
Umgaqo-nkqubo weMbuyekezo yabasebenzi
Ngaphandle kokuba benze ishishini kwiimeko ezizimeleyo , abaqeshi banokuthenga i-inshorensi yokuhlawula i-inshorensi yabasebenzi kuyo nayiphi na inshurensi yabucala enikeza le ngxelo. Ininzi yembuyekezo yabasebenzi bango-inshurensi ikhupha iipolisi kwifomu ephakamileyo eyenziwe yiBhunga likaZwelonke kwiNkxaso- mali yeNkxaso-mali (NCCI).
Eli fom liquka iindawo ezimbini. Icandelo lokuqala libonelela ngembuyekezo yokuhlawula abasebenzi. Icandelo lesibini libandakanya uxanduva lwabaqeshi.
Icandelo lokuqala lomgaqo- nkqubo wenkokhelo yabasebenzi lihlawula inzuzo kubasebenzi abalimele emsebenzini. Abasebenzi bathola inzuzo echazwe ngumthetho wokuhlawulela abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni apho indawo yomsebenzi ikhona. Lo mthetho ubandakanywa kumgaqo-nkqubo ngokubhekiselele. Ukuba umqeshi uneendawo zokusebenzela kwiindawo ezininzi, ngoko imithetho yazo zonke iindawo ziba yingxenye yomgaqo-nkqubo.
Inxalenye yesibili yomgaqo-nkqubo inikezela ukuxhamla kwabasebenzi abaxanduva . Ikwabandakanya izigwebo ngabasebenzi abalimele kumqeshi. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, imithetho yembuyekezo yemisebenzi ayifihla bonke abasebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho ingabandakanyeka iintlobo ezithile zezifo okanye ukulimala. Imizekelo ihlaselwa yintliziyo okanye imivimbo eqhubekayo emsebenzini kodwa ingabonwa njengomsebenzi. Abasimashishini bomshuwalense baxanduva lokukhusela abaqeshi ngokuchasene neentlawulo zamacala ezixhomekeke kwenzakala engabandakanywa yinshorensi yembuyekezo yomshuwalense.
Ulwahlulo lwaBasebenzi
Intlawulo ye-inshorensi yokuhlawula i-inshorensi isekelwe kwinkqubo yohlengahlengiso .
Abaqeshi bahlelwe ngokwezigaba ezichaza ibhizinisi labo. Iingcamango kukuba abasebenzi abaqeshwe ngamacandelo afanayo afana nomngcipheko ofanayo wokulimala emsebenzini. Udidi ngalunye lubonisa uhlobo lomsebenzi, njengendawo yokulima yomhlaba okanye i-wiring yombane. Abaqeshi kwimisebenzi efanayo banikwa ukwahlula okufanayo.
Inkqubo yesigaba esasetyenziswa kakhulu kakhulu yenziwe yiNCCI. Uninzi lusebenzisa le nkqubo okanye enye efana nayo. Inkqubo ye-NCCI ibandakanya amakhulu emigangatho yokuhlukanisa, nganye leyo ichazwe yinkcazo kunye nekhodi eneenombolo ezine. Umzekelo ngabaSebenzi beeHhovisi zeeHhovisi, ikhowudi 8810. Ukwahlula ngalunye kunikwa isantya. Isilinganiso esisebenzayo kwisigaba esithile sichaphazeleka ukusuka kwilizwe ukuya kwilizwe. Kwamanye amazwe, ukulinganiswa kwembuyekezo yabasebenzi kulawulwa yi-NCCI. Kwabanye, lilawulwa liziko le-state rating.
Ukubalwa kweNkulumbuso
Iimbuyekezo zeempesimali zeemali-mali zibalwa ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezimbini eziphambili: amaxabiso kunye nomvuzo. I-Payroll ithetha umvuzo, umvuzo, iibhonasi njl njl. Ehlawulwa kubasebenzi ngonyaka njengomvuzo. I-Payroll ihlukaniswe kwiikhowudi zeklasi ezifanelekileyo. Kwi nganye khowudi yeklasi esebenzayo, umrhumo wohlawula uyahlula ngo-100 kwaye wanda ngezinga .
Ngokomzekelo, uHarry ungumnikazi weHorld Hardware, isitolo sezinto zokuthengisa. UHarry usebenzisa abasebenzi abangama-25. Omnye umqeshwa usebenza kwi-ofisi yangasemva njengomgcini-makhuphiswano wesikhathi. Abasebenzi abangama-24 abasele basebenza kwivenkile. Ngonyaka, i-payroll yabasebenzi baseHarry abangama-24 be-$ 500,000. I-payroll ye-bookkeeper yayo i $ 25,000. Abasebenzi baseHarry abasetyenziselwa ukuba babe yi-Store-Hardware, I-Code 8010. Umgcini-ncwadi wakhe uhlelwa njenge-Office of Employees Office, I-Code 8810. Ireyithi eyabelwe ikhodi yeklasi ye- 8010 kwi-Harry's state yi-$ 2.50, ngelixa ireyithi yekhowudi 8810 i $ .40. I-premium yeHarry ibalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Gcina abasebenzi: ($ 500,000 / 100) X $ 2.50 = $ 12,500
Umgcini weNcwadi: ($ 25,000 / 100) X $ .40 = $ 100
I $ 12,500 + $ 100 = i-premium eyi-12,600
Ukuvavanya kwamava
Uninzi lwabaqeshi abathengisa i-inshurensi yokuhlawula i-inshorensi baxhomekeke kumava . Xa kufakwa amava, umlando welahleko lomqeshi uthinta i-premium umqeshi ohlawula i-inshurensi yembuyekezo yomshuwalense. Amava okulahlekelwa ngumqeshi afaniswa namava aphakathi kwabanye abaqeshi kwicandelo elifanayo leshishini. Ukuba umlando womqeshi uphezulu kunomyinge, uya kufumana i-credit kwi-premium yokuhlawulela yabasebenzi. Ukuba amava ayo awona mbi kunomyinge, uya kufumana i-debit.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yakho, inkqubo yokulinganisa amava ingalawulwa yi-NCCI okanye i-inshurensi ye-state. I-insurer yakho ye-insurer yomrhumo-mali ibika ingxelo yakho ye-premium kunye nelahleko kumlawuli. Umlawuli usebenzisa ke loo datha ukubala ukuguqulela amava akho. I-modifier yakho isekelwe kwiminyaka emithathu yedatha kwaye ihlaziywa ngonyaka. Ingaba ngaphantsi kweyodwa (i-credit), ilingana nelinye (ubunye), okanye ngaphezulu kweyodwa (debit). I-modifier yakho iboniswe kwiphepha lekhasi lokusebenzela eliveliswe yi-NCCI okanye kwi-bureau yakho yelizwe.
Umzekelo olandelayo ubonisa indlela amava akho aguqula ngayo anokuchaphazela i-premium yakho. Masithi ukuba uHoward Hardware uye waba nembali yelahleko engcono kunokuba izitolo ezininzi zeekhompyutha zikarhulumente. I-Harmory's experience modifier is .90. Uvuyo oluhle lokulahlekelwa ngamava luye lwafumana inkampani isaphulelo se-10 ekhulwini kwi-premium yokuhlawula abasebenzi: $ 12,600 X .90 = $ 11,430
Khawuthethe ukuba i-Loss Hardware yelahleko yamava iye yaba mbi ngaphezu kweqela eliphakathi, okubangelwa kumguquleli we-1.15. I-premium yovuyo ngoku i-15 yeepesenti ephakamileyo kune-average. I-premium yovuyo iya kuba yi-$ 12,600 i-X 1.15 = $ 14,490.