Tort Versus Crime
Inkohlakalo ihluke kulwaphulo-mthetho ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, inkohlakalo iphula umthetho womthetho. Yenziwa ngokumelene nomntu. Uxanduva luzimisele ngokusekelwe kwiimfanelo. Ulwaphulaphulo luyinto eyenziwa kuluntu. Ngoxa ixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho lisoloko luntwini, isenzo sophula umthetho woluntu. Uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho lunqunywe ngokubhekiselele kwintyala.
Okwesibini, iintetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kubangelwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zohlwayo. Xa kukho intsipho, isilungiso esisisiseko sinomonakalo ohlawulelwayo . Kwezinye iimeko, umonakalo wokugweba unganikwa. Ukuhlwaywa kolwaphulo-mthetho kusekelwe ebubini besenzo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho, umenzi wobubi unokufunwa ukuba akhokhe intlawulo, enze inkonzo yentlalo, abuyisele umvuzo kwixhoba okanye akhonze isigwebo sento.
Ukwahlula okwesithathu phakathi kwamatyala kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho ngumthwalo wobungqina. Ukubonisa ukuba umntu wenze ubugebengu, urhulumente kufuneka amisele inetyala ngaphaya kokungathandabuzeki.
Kwimeko yembambano, ibha iphantsi kakhulu. Ummangalelwa kufuneka aqinisekise kuphela ukuba ummangalelwa unembopheleleko ngokusekelwe kukungqinelana kobungqina. Okokuthi, ummangalelwa kufuneka anike ubungqina obonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kunokuba ummangalelwa unelungelo lokulimala kommangali.
Ezinye izenzo zingabangela ukuphosakela kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuhlaselwa kunye nebhethri ziyingozi. Kwiindawo ezininzi, ezi zenzo nazo zifaneleke njengezophulo-mthetho.
Iintlobo zeeTorts
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko zeziphathamandla:
- Ukungakhathali
- Iinjongo ezenzelwe
- U xanduva
Ukungakhathali
Amaninzi amaninzi afakwa kwiimashishini asekelwe kwiimangalo zokunganakwa. Ukunganakwa kuthetha ukusilela ukunyamekela. Iqondo lokunyamekela elifunekayo lixhomekeke kwimeko kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwamaqela. Uninzi lweemeko zifuna ukunakekelwa okufanelekileyo. Abantu kulindeleke ukuba baziphathe njengomntu oqhelekileyo uya kwenza into efanayo. Umzekelo, uBill, umqeshwa wakho wokuthengisa, uqhuba imoto yenkampani ukutyelela umthengi. Ngaphantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo, iBill kulindeleke ukuba iqhube ngokunyamekela, okwenza njengomntu oqhelekileyo uya kwenza ngeemeko ezifanayo. Ukuba iBill ibangela ukugqitywa kokugqibela emva kokukhawulezisa nokugxininisa enye imoto, inkundla inokugqiba ekubeni yayinganakwa kwaye ngenxa yoko, ityala ngenxa yengozi.
Umgangatho "womntu onengqiqo" awusebenzi kumagqirha, amagqwetha, abakhi bezakhiwo, oonjiniyela kunye nabanye abaqeqeshiweyo. Kunoko, abo bantu kulindeleke ukuba benze ngezinga elifanayo lobuchule njengontanga yabo kwiimeko ezifanayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uchwepheshe uthathwa ngokunganaki xa engaphumeleli ukunyamekela kunye nolwazi oluqhelekileyo olwenziwa ngamalungu omsebenzi wabo owenza iinkonzo zengcali phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo.
Imigangatho yokunyamekela abaqeqeshiyo iyahluka ukusuka kummandla ukuya kwilizwe, kwaye ukusuka ekufundeni ukuya kwi-profession.
Iinjongo ezenzelwe
Iphutha lokuzikhethela ngumsebenzi wenzalo owenziwe ngumbutho omnye owonakalisa omnye. Ukulimala kungenokuba ngamabomu okanye ngengozi. Ezinye iinjongo ezithandwayo, ezifana nebhetri, zibangele ukulimala emzimbeni. Ezinye zibangele ukulimala okungengokwenyama. Iimzekelo zinyeliso , ukuhlasela kwangasese, kunye nokutshutshiswa okubi. Ezi zizathu zibangelwa yingozi okanye ingozi yengqondo kunokuba yingozi. Ezinye iinjongo ezithandwayo zingabangela ukulimala okungokwenyama nangokwenyama. Umzekelo ukuboshwa kwamanga .
Iindawo zendawo ezithintekayo ziyizizathu zenzalo ezenzekayo emsebenzini. Ezi ngxelo zenziwa ngabaqeshi okanye abaphathi beesesigqeba kubasebenzi. Nazi ezinye zazo:
- UCalulo lwezeNgqesho
- Ukupheliswa okungalunganga
- Ukukhutshwa okungalunganga
- Ukungaphumeleli okungalunganga ukukhuthaza
- Ukungabikho ngokungafanelekanga kwithuba lomsebenzi
- Ukuchaswa okuhlobene nokuqeshwa
U xanduva
Uxanduva olunzulu lithetha uxanduva ngaphandle kwephulo. Ngaphantsi koxanduva oluqinileyo, umntu okanye inkampani inokubanjelwa uxanduva lokulimala okanye umonakalo nokuba loo mntu okanye inkampani yayinganakwa. Iimbopheleleko ezinzima zisetyenziswe rhoqo kwimisebenzi enobungozi, njengobunzima kunye nokugcinwa kwezilwanyana zasendle. Ikwasebenza nakwiimveliso ezihanjiswa kwindawo yeemarike ngabavelisi okanye abathengisi.
Iimfuno zokuBonisa ukuXhobisa
Ukuba ummangalelwa ukuba athole isigwebo somthetho (ngaphandle koxanduva oluqinileyo) olwenziwe ngomnye, kufuneka aqinisekise zonke ezi zilandelayo:
- Ummangali wayenelungelo elikhuselekile ngokusemthethweni ukuba ummangalelwa wayenomsebenzi wokukhusela
- Ummangalelwa waphula loo msebenzi
- Ummangalelwa walimala
- Ukulimala kommangalelwa kwaba yiphumo elichanekileyo lokuphulwa kommangalelwa
Umzekelo, uJane uyothengisa kwiHoward Hardware. Umi kwindawo yokukhangela i-hammers xa ibhokisi enkulu iyanqamuka kwi-shelf. Ibhokisi ibetha uJane ekhanda, igxotha phantsi. UJane uyalimala waza wabuya unobungozi obunobunono bokulimala komzimba. I-suit suit ithetha ukuba uHoward Hardware unomsebenzi wokunyamekela ngokufanelekileyo ukukhusela uJane kwiimeko eziyingozi esitolo. Injabulo yekhompyutha iphulaphule loo msebenzi, kwaye ngenxa yoluphulo, uJane walimala. Ngaloo ndlela, iHorld hardware iyaxanduva lokulimala kukaJane.
Ukuze anqobe isigwebo esekelwe kwiphulo lokuzikhethela, ummangali kufuneka abonise izicwangciso ezine ezikhankanywe ngasentla kwaye ubonise ukuba isenzo sommangalelwa sisenzo. Kuphela isenzo kufuneka senziwe ngenjongo. Ukulimala okubangelwe ukuba kwakungekho nto engenziyo.
Uninzi lwamacala asekelwe kwiimbopheleleko ezinzulu zibandakanya iimveliso. Ukufakazela ukuba umenzi unyanzelekile, ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise kuphela ukuba umkhiqizo wawungenasiphelo, kwaye ukuba umkhiqizo ongenasiphelo wabangela ukulimala kommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa akufuneki angqina ukuba umvelisi wayenganaki.
Intshuwalense
Uninzi lweziganeko ezivelisa izigwebo ngokubhekiselele kumashishini zinokubanjelwa yi-inshorensi yemfanelo.
Intsholongwane Yobunjineli
Umgaqo- nkqubo wokuzibophelela ngokubanzi uhlanganisa amabango ngokusekelwe ekunyanweni, uxanduva oluqinileyo kunye nezizathu ezithile zokuzikhethela. Ihlanganisa amabango enkampani yakho ngenxa yengozi yomzimba okanye umonakalo wepropati obangelwa yinto (umcimbi osengozini) okubangelwa ukunganakwa kwakho. Ukulimala okanye umonakalo unokuvela ngaphandle kweengozi kwindawo yakho okanye kwindawo yomsebenzi. Ngenye indlela, inokuvela kumsebenzi owugqibileyo, okanye umveliso owenzileyo okanye uthengisiwe. Izibango ezivela kwimveliso yakho okanye umsebenzi ogqityiweyo zijongwa ukuba zi sekelwe kwiimangalo zokunganakwa okanye ukunyanzeliswa.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuzibophelela ngokubanzi iquka inqaku elibizwa ngokuba yiNdawo yoLuntu kunye noTyala lokuLawulwa kweNtengiso . Oku kusebenzayo kubangelwa ngamabango avela nakweyiphi na amaqela asixhenxe eentetho ezithandwayo, ezibizwa ngokuba ngamatyala kumgaqo-nkqubo. Imizekelo yezigwenxa ezigqityiweyo ziyiqhinga, intshutshiso enobungozi, kunye nokuphulwa kwelungelo lobungqina ngezaziso.
I-inshorensi yemfanelo yomshuwalense
Imigaqo-mali ye-ambulula yezorhwebo inikezela ngokukhawulelana okufanayo kodwa ngokubanzi kunemigaqo-nkqubo yemfanelo. Njengemigaqo-nkqubo yokuzibophelela ngokubanzi, zibandakanya amabango ngokusekelwe kokunganakwa, uxanduva oluqinileyo, kunye neentetho ezithile. Ezinye iibrawule zibandakanya iinjongo ezingenanto ezingagqithwanga ngumgaqo-nkqubo oqhelekileyo wokunyaniseka. Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwenkqubo kunye nocalucalulo oluhambelana nomsebenzi.
Iimpazamo kunye ne-Intanethi ye-Intlawulo yeNtlawulo
Iimpazamo kunye ne-inshorensi yokuchithwa ibangela ukulimala kwabanye okubangelwa yimisebenzi yokunganakwa okanye ukungaphumeleli kwakhe ukubonelela ngenqanaba lenkonzo ummangali okulindelekileyo. Kwakhona kuthiwa yintengiso yinshurensi yemfanelo. I-inshurensi ye-E & O yayilungiselelwe okokuqala "oomthonyama" njengabagqirha kunye namagqwetha. Namhlanje, kubalulekile nakwiyiphi na ishishini elinika iingcebiso ngeengcali okanye iinkonzo.
Iinshurensi yokuXhotyiswa kweNtsholongwane
Indawo yokusebenza njengokucalulwa kunye nokupheliswa okungafanelekanga akugqithwanga phantsi kwemigaqo-mboleko okanye jikelele. Zibandakanywa ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezininzi ze-E & O. Amashishini anokuzikhusela ngokuchasene nezigwebo ezisekelwe kwiindawo zokusebenzela ngokuthenga i- inshorensi yemfanelo yengqesho yomshuwalense.