Ukuchonga iMigqaliselo echaziweyo
Kwiifom ezininzi zomgaqo-nkqubo, imigaqo echaziweyo iboniswa ngandlela-thile, njengombhalo obhaliweyo okanye iicalic. I-ISO igxininisa imigaqo ecacileyo ngokubakhombisa kumanqaku okucaphuna.
Kungakhathaliseki indlela esetyenziswe ngayo ukwahlula, onke amagama agqityiweyo kufuneka abhalwe kwi-Definitions section section.
Iipolisi ezibonelela ngezibonelelo ezininzi zihlala ziqulethe inxalenye engcaciso enye. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uthengile umgaqo-nkqubo wepakethi oquka uxanduva olubanzi kunye nokuthengiswa kwepropati yepropati . Umgaqo-nkqubo wakho uya kuba neesethi ezimbini zeenkcazo, enye echaphazelekayo kwesikhokelo kunye nesinye esisebenza kwi-coverage. Umgaqo-nkqubo ungaphinda uqulethe isethi yeenkcazo eziqhelekileyo, ezisebenza kuzo zombini iingxelo.
Amagama amaninzi okanye amabinzana achazwe kumgaqo-nkqubo angatholakala kwiqendu leenkcazo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zingabonakala kwezinye iindawo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Ezi zinto zilula ukuphosoka. Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo-nkqubo we-ISO jikelele wemfanelo uchaza igama lakho . Eli gama lithetha igama elibizwa ngokuba yi-insured . Uchazwe ekuqaleni komgaqo-nkqubo (kumhlathi wesibili kwiphepha elilodwa).
Ngenxa yokuba ungaboniswa kumanqaku okucaphuna, ayibonakali kwiingcaciso ezizimeleyo.
Injongo yeengcaciso
Abatshutshisi basebenzise iinkcazo ukuba bachaze intsingiselo yamagama athile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-insurers ichaza igama okanye ibinzana ukunciphisa ububanzi balo. Injongo kukuthintela abaphathi bemigaqo-nkqubo (kunye neenkundla) ukusuka kwiinguqulelo ngokubanzi ngokubanzi kunokuba i-insurer ejoliswe kuyo.
Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo-nkqubo we-ISO wemfanelo uthetha ezimbini iintlobo zezithuthi, i-autos nezixhobo zokusebenza . Iimigaqo-nkqubo zokuzibophelela zibandakanya izibango ezivela kwiingozi ezibangelwa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziphathekayo, ezifana nezikratshi kunye neebhakethi. Akwabandakanyi amabango aphuma kwiingozi ezibangelwa ukusebenza kwe-autos. Iipolisi zichaza iinjongo zemoto kunye nezixhobo eziphathekayo ukuze zihlukanise izithuthi ezingabandakanyiyo ezivela kuzo.
Umshuwalense unokuncedisa inkcazo kumgaqo-nkqubo wokuphelisa iingxabano malunga nencazelo yegama okanye ibinzana. Ngokomzekelo, ngaphambi kowe-1998, umgaqo-nkqubo we-ISO wemfanelo awuzange uchaze i-term advertising. Kwabakho ukungqubuzana okungafani phakathi koomatshirensi kunye nabaphathi-nkqubo malunga neentlobo zemisebenzi efanelekileyo yokufumana ingxelo phantsi kokulimala kweentengiso . Ukujongana nengxaki, i-ISO yongeze inkcazo yegama lesaziso kumgaqo-nkqubo.
Ezinye iinkcazo zenzelwe ukucacisa umgaqo-nkqubo ongabikho . Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo-nkqubo wepropati we-ISO awubandakanyi ukulahleka okanye umonakalo obangelwa ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic. Ukukhutshwa kuqulethe ikhefu ekulahlekeni okuqhubekayo ngokuthatha isenzo se-volcanic. Ngenxa yokuba abaninzi abanamalungelo omgaqo-nkqubo abaqhelekanga kwixesha lokutshatyalaliswa kwe-volcanic , luchazwa ngokungabikho.
Eli gama alibonakali kwicandelo lenkcazo yepropati.
Omnye umzekelo wegama elichazwe ekukhutshweni kwedatha yecomputer . Eli gama lichazwe kumgaqo-nkqubo we-ISO, kodwa ayibonakali kwiingcaciso zomgaqo-nkqubo. Kunoko, intsingiselo yayo ichazwa kwi- electronic data excluded under Liability of Bodily Injury and Property Damage Liability.
Ukungafaki kwiiNgcaciso
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, i-insurers ziquka iinkcazo zokunciphisa intsingiselo yamagama okanye amabinzana. Ngaloo ndlela, iinkcazo zinokuthi ziqulethe izizathu. Umzekelo ngumqeshwa wexesha elichaziweyo kumgaqo-nkqubo we-ISO jikelele. Inkcazo ayichazi zonke iintlobo zabantu abakufanelekile ukuba babe ngabasebenzi . Kunoko, ithetha nje ukuba umqeshwa wexesha uquka umqeshwa oqashisayo , kodwa akabandakanyi umsebenzi wexeshana . Okubalulekileyo, inkcazo isebenza njengokungabikho kwezibophelelo kwabasebenzi bexeshana.
Enye inkcazo equlethe ukukhutshwa yixesha elichaziweyo elithi sinkhole . Eli gama lichazwe kwi-ISO yepropati yezorhwebo Iingxaki zeFomu yokulahleka. Incazelo ithi ukubola kwe-sinkhole akubandakanyi ukucima okanye ukuwa komhlaba kumhlaba owenziwe ngabantu. Ngamanye amagama, ukuwa kwe-sinkhole kuthetha ukuwa kwee-sinkholes zemvelo, kungekhona ezo zenziwe ngabantu.
Iingxelo ezingalunganga
Abatshutshisi kunye ne-insureds abahlala besichaza ulwimi lwenkqubo ngendlela efanayo. Ukutolika okuhlukahlukeneyo kunokukhokelela kwimibango. Xa umgcini-mgaqo-nkqubo engavumelani nokuchazwa kwe-inshurensi yegama okanye ibinzana, unokubambana ukuba ulwimi luthandabuzo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, igama lomgaqo-nkqubo lithathwa njengento engenakucacisa ukuba unentsingiselo ebini okanye ngaphezulu.
Ngokomzekelo, khangela ukuba umnini-mgaqo-nkqubo unesakhiwo esiqinisekisiwe phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo wepropati yoshishino . Isakhiwo somnini-nkqubo sonakalisiwe. Umgaqo-nkqubo awubandakanyi ukulahleka okanye umonakalo obangelwa ukuwa, kodwa akucacisi ukuwa . Umnini-nkqubo kunye ne-inshurensi abavumelani nokokuba ukuchithwa kwe-collapse kusebenza ekulahlekeni. Umshuwalense ugxeka ukuba isakhiwo siye sawa ngenxa yokuba iyancipha. Umnini-nkqubo unqabile ukuba isakhiwo asizange siphume ngenxa yokuba asizange siwile. Inkundla inquma ukuba igama lokuwa liyinto engacacile, kuba zombini umshwalense kunye nokutolika kwegama lomgaqo-nkqubo kunengqiqo.
Izivumelwano zoNyaka
Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-inshurensi iyimvumelwano yokubambelela, oku kuthetha ukuba ibhalwe yinkampani enye kuphela. Umshuwalense ubhala umgaqo-nkqubo kwaye uyinikela kumthengi. Ngaphandle kokuba umthengi yinkampani enkulu kakhulu, akanalo amandla okuthintana nemigaqo-nkqubo. Ininzi yabathengi abathengi banokukhetha ezimbini kuphela. Bangayamkela umgaqo-nkqubo onikwe umshwalense, okanye bayayinqabela.
Ngenxa yokuba aba-inshurensi banamandla okuqulunqa ulwimi lweelwimi, iinkundla ngokubanzi ziguqulela imimiselo engathandekiyo kwimpumelelo yomnini-nkqubo (nxamnye nomshuwalense). Okokuthi, ukuba umnini-mgaqo-nkqubo kunye ne-inshurensi abavumelani nentsingiselo yekota, kwaye eli gama linemifanekiso ebini okanye engaphezulu, inkundla inokukhetha intsingiselo yokuba inzuzo i-insured.
Imigaqo engaqinisekanga
Kwimeko echazwe ngasentla, umgcini-mali kunye nomnini-mgaqo-nkqubo angavumelani nentsingiselo yegama elichaziweyo (ukuwa). Xa igama lingachazwanga kumgaqo-nkqubo, iinkundla zithatha isigqibo sokuba lithetha ukuthini igama?
Okokuqala, inkundla inokuqwalasela izigwebo zangaphambili ngentsingiselo yekota. Izigqibo zenkundla zangaphambili (ezibizwa ngaphambili) zihlala zikhokelo njengezikhokelo zezigqibo ezizayo. Ukuba akukho zigqibo zangaphambili zikhoyo okanye ukugwetywa kwangaphambili akusebenzi, inkundla inokudibanisa nesichazi-magama esiqhelekileyo ukufumana intsingiselo yegama. Kwakhona unokuqwalasela indlela umnini-nkqubo angayichaza ngayo igama. Iinkundla ziyaqaphela ukuba umthengi we-inshorensi oqhelekileyo unokuyichaza igama lesi-inshorensi ngokuhlukileyo kwi-insurer.
Kubaluleka kweenkcazo
Ngaba iinkcazo zemigaqo-nkqubo zibaluleke kakhulu? I-Silverstein Properties kunye ne-insurers yayo yepropati bafunde impendulo yalo mbuzo ngendlela enzima.
I-Silverstein Properties ngumvelisi wezorhwebo wezakhiwo eziseNew York City. NgoJulayi ka-2001, i-Silverstein ithengise ukuqeshisa iminyaka engama-99 kwi-World Trade Center, kuquka i-Twin Towers. Ipropati (kwaye kusekhona) ephantsi kweGosa eliPhezulu laseNew York naseNew Jersey. Njengoko kufunwa ukuqeshiswa, i-Silverstein ithenge i-inshurensi yepropati kwiZakhiwo zoRhwebo. Inkampani i-insured ipropati malunga ne-$ 3.5 billion. I-inshurensi ibandakanya umgaqo-nkqubo wepropati oyintloko kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo eninzi.
Kwiinyanga ezimbini kwiqeshiso, i-Twin Towers yatshatyalaliswa xa izigebengu zithatha iinqwelo eziphangiweyo kwizakhiwo. Ngexesha lokuhlaselwa, omnye umshwalense wayekhuphe umgaqo-nkqubo. Ama-insurers aseleyo akhuphe izibophelelo , kodwa besesetyenzisweni zokuxoxisana.
Ingxabano enokukhawuleza yavela ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwe-Silverstein kunye nabaqhankqalazi bayo. Kwakukho imiba mibini ebalulekileyo. Okokuqala, umthengisi wayehlulekile ukucacisa ukuba yeyiphi iifom zepropati ezifunekayo zokusebenzisa: enye inikezwe ngumthengisi okanye ifom yefayili. Okwesibini, iindonga zazibethelwa ngeeplani ezihlukeneyo. Ngaba ukuhlaselwa kwaba yinto enye okanye ezimbini? Oku kubalulekile kuba imida yepropati isebenza ngokwahlukileyo kwimeko nganye.
Ifom yomgaqo-mboleko yomthengisi wachaza igama elithi "ukuvela," kodwa ifomu le-inshurensi alizange lenze. INkundla inqume ukuba ezi zimbini zihlaselwa njengesiganeko esisodwa phantsi kwefom ye-broker, esekelwe kwingcaciso yayo yenzeke. Ngaphantsi kwefom ye-insurer, nangona kunjalo, ezi zimbini zihlaselwa njengento ehlukeneyo. Ekugqibeleni, abanye abaqinisekisayo bahlawula ilahleko phantsi kwefom ye-broker kanti abanye bekufuneka bahlawule phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo we-inshurensi. U-Silverstein wathabatha i-$ 4.6 yezigidigidi kwiintlawulo ze-insurers. Ukuba bonke abaqinisekisiwe babefuneka ukuba bahlawule phantsi kwefomu yomgaqo-inshurensi ifomu, i-Silverstein inokuqokelela i-$ 7 billion (amaxesha amabini ama-$ 3.5 billion).