Okuhle nokubi
Umxholo wokuguqulwa kokungalungi uxabana. Abaxhasi bathetha ukuba imithetho iyimfuneko yokukhusela izenzo ezixhaphazayo ezilimaza amashishini.
Bayabambana ukuba amagosa afaka amanani amaninzi amacala okugweba, amaninzi awo angabonakaliyo. Ezi zigwebo zikhokelela kwizibambiso ezigqithisileyo kwaye zivelise iimali ezigqithiseleyo. Amabhaso amakhulu kunye neemali eziphezulu ziqhuba iindleko zokwenza ibhizinisi. Amashishini kufuneka adlule ezi ndleko kubaxhasi babo ukuze baqhubeke besinda. Abathengi babo bahlawula iindleko zetyala ngohlobo lwamanani aphezulu kwimveliso kunye neenkonzo.
Abagxeki bokuguqulwa kwamatyala bathi imithetho ayilungisi iingxaki ezibangele amabango kwindawo yokuqala. Kunoko, banciphisa amandla abantu ukufumana ubulungisa ngenxa yokulimala abaye babandezeleka. Amaxhoba amaninzi akakwazi ukufumana igqwetha ukwenzela ukuba amacala abo athathwe ngokusemthethweni kwiintlawulo zemfuneko. Xa umonakalo owenzayo ungancitshiswa ngokuguqulwa kwamatyala, amagqwetha anenzuzo encinci ethatha amatyala amasha. Ngaphandle kwegqwetha ukubancedisa, amaxhoba akakwazi ukufumana umvuzo.
Rhu lumente weTort
Uninzi lwemiqathango yokulungiswa kwezinto eziphuculweyo ezenziwe ngumthetho zijoliswe ekukhuseleni ababoneleli ngezempilo.
Nangona kunjalo, ezimbalwa zenzelwe ukukhusela abenzi beeyeza, i-asbestos okanye ezinye iimveliso. Nangona imithetho ihluka ukusuka kummandla ukuya kwilizwe, ifuna enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Ukupheliswa komthwalo kunye kunye neqela elithile (apho elinye iqela lingabanjelwa umonakalo ohlolwe ngokubhekiselele kwiqela labameli be-co-defense).
- Imida kwimimiselo engekho kwezoqoqosho. Le yintlawulo eyabelwe ngenxa yokonzakala njengentlungu nokuhlupheka, ukungonakali nokuhlaziswa. Imonakalo engekho kwezoqoqosho ihlala iyancitshiswa ngumthetho kuba igosa. Zihlobo lomonakalo ohlawulelwayo .
- Ukunciphisa umonakalo wemigweba xa ummangali eneminye imithombo yokufumana kwakhona, njengenzuzo yokuhlawula abasebenzi okanye i-inshurensi yezempilo.
- Imilinganiselo kwimirhumo yemigqaliselo yamagosa angabutha
- Ummiselo wemingcele
- Iskimu sivumela abachasayo ukuba bahlawule umonakalo wezoqoqosho kwizitolimende kunokuba bonke banye kanye.
- Imfuno yokuba abachasi kunye nabachasayo bazama ukulungisa isigwebo sabo ngeendlela ezingasombulukiyo zokubambisana, ezifana nokudibanisa okanye ukulamla, ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokugwetywa.
- Amalungiselelo amaSamariya amahle akhusela ababoneleli ngezempilo ngenxa yezigwebo ezenziwe ngenxa yokuzinikela ngokuzithandela abantu abanokulimala.
Ukuchithwa kwezonyango: Ukuguqulwa kwamatyala kwaqala ngowe-1970 xa abaninzi bephethe imithetho yokunciphisa uxanduva lwababoneleli bezempilo. Izibhengezo zonyango zonyango ziye zanda kwaye abaninzi bomshuwalense baye bayeka ukubhala. Ukufuduka kwee-inshorensi kuncitshiswe ukufumaneka kwenkcazo kunye nexabiso le-inshorensi.
Abanye oogqirha abazange bakwazi ukufumana i-inshorensi. Ukujongana nemeko, i-legislature yomthetho yenze imithetho yokunciphisa ubungakanani kunye nenani lamabango. Umzekelo ngumthetho owenziwe eCalifornia ngo-1975 obizwa ngokuba nguMthetho weNkqubo yokuThuthukiswa kweNkxaso-mali yokuLungisa iMpilo (iMICRA).
I-MICRA ithathwa njengomzekelo kwamanye amazwe afisa ukugqithisa umthetho wokulungiswa komthetho. Umthetho, osebenzayo, unika imali engama-250,000 e-cap (engaguqukanga kwi-inflation) kwimonakalo engekho kwezoqoqosho. Awubeki na umda kumonakalo wezoqoqosho okanye umonakalo wokugweba. I-MICRA iphinda isebenzise isilinganisi esilingayo sokunciphisa iindleko zamagosa ezinokuhlawula.
Amaninzi amaninzi adlulisele imithetho eyongezelelweyo echaphazelekayo kubaboneleli bezempilo kwiminyaka ye-1980, 1990, kunye nama-2000. Le mithetho yaqulunqwa ukuzinzisa ama-premium kunye nokwandisa ukufumaneka kwe-inshurensi yokungasebenzi ngonyango.
I-Asbestos: Yayisetyenziselwa yonke inkulungwane ye-20 ukuvelisa iinqanawa, iinqwelo zokubhukuda, iibhoyili kunye neminye imikhiqizo. Ngowe-1970 ii-mineral zidibene nezifo zemiphunga njenge-asbestosis kunye ne-mesothelioma, uhlobo lomhlaza. Abasebenzi abaye bafumene izi zifo baqala ukufaka izigwebo malunga nabaqashi nabavelisi. Izikhwama ezinxulumene ne-Asbestos zanyuka kuma-1980s naku-1990. Ekuqaleni kwee-2000, bebegubungela iinkundla zombuso kunye neentlangano. Amagqwetha ayefakela amanyathelo amanyathelo amaninzi egameni lamaqela abameli. Abamangali abaninzi bebanjiswe kwi-asbestos kodwa babengenako ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba.
Amaqela ambalwa adlulisile ukulungiswa komonakalo kumzamo wokunciphisa inani le-asbestos. Umzekelo waseTexas, owadlulela i-SB15 ngo-2005. Umthetho ufuna abachasi ukuba bafumane ukuxilongwa kwezonyango ze-asbestos yokukhubazeka ngokomzimba ngaphambi kokufaka ibango. Abamangalelwa kufuneka bafake amabango ngabanye kunokuba babe yingxenye yesenzo sokuthotywa kwamatyala. Umthetho olandelayo (HB1325) ogqitywe ngo-2013 wawufuna ukuxothwa kwezikhwama ezifakwe ngaphambi ko-2005 ukuba abafaki-zimangali babengazange baphathwe nantoni na. Ababango bangashenxisa iisutu zabo xa ekugqibeleni bafumene i-asbestos.
Uxanduva lweMveliso: Abambalwa amazwe baye bamisela imithetho yokunciphisa uxanduva lokugweba umthwalo . Ngokomzekelo, iTexas yadlulisela umthetho ngo-2003 ukukhusela abenzi beefayili kunye nezixhobo zonyango ezivela kumatyala ngokusulela ukungalumkisi. Umthetho ugxeka ukuba abavelisi banikele ngolwazi olufanelekileyo malunga neengozi zeemveliso zabo ukuba iimveliso zabo ziqulethe izixwayiso ezivunywe yi-FDA. Abavelisi beemveliso eziqulethe izixwayiso ze-FDA ezivunyelwe zikhuselekile kwiimpahla ngaphandle kokuba abachasayo bangabonakalisa, bathi, ukuba umenzi wenzile ukukhwabanisa okanye ukuba umkhiqizo wayo wawuyalelwe emakethe yi-FDA.
I-Wisconsin yadlulisa umthwalo wemfanelo yokulungiswa komsebenzi ngo-2011. Ebizwa ngokuba yi-Omnibus Tort Reform Act, umthetho usebenza kubo bonke abavelisi, kungekhona nje amayeza kunye nabenzi bezixhobo zonyango. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kubeka umyalelo wokuba uhlalise iminyaka eli-15. Oku kuthetha ukuba abafaki-zicelo abakwazi ukuphikisa abavelisi ngenxa yokulimala okubangelwa yimveliso eyenziwe iminyaka eli-15 okanye ngaphezulu eyadlulayo. Umthetho unciphisa umonakalo wokuhlawulisa u-$ 200,000 okanye kabini umonakalo ohlawuliswayo, naluphi na omkhulu. Kwakhona kufuneke ukuba isicelo sokungabikho kokunyaniseka kunokubambisana kunye neqela elithile xa ummangalelwa engaphantsi kwama-51 ekhulwini enoxanduva lokulimala kommangali.
Federal Tort Reform
Urhulumente wezepolisi uye wadlulisela imithetho yokunciphisa iintlobo ezithile zetyala. Le mithetho iyingqungquthela.
Amacandelo omThetho wokuLawulwa kweeNkundla: Urhulumente wezepolisi usemisele ukulungiswa kokungalungi malunga nokugwetywa kwamanyathelo eklasini . Ngo-2005 iNkcazo yamisela uMthetho woLungiso lweCandelo loLuntu . Umthetho uvumela abagwebi ukuba bathathwe ngamatyala abo kwiinkantolo zombuso, kunokuba bathathwe inkundla, ukuba imimiselo ethile idibeneyo. Ukuzama ukuvalelwa enkundleni enkundleni, ityala kufuneka libandakanye ubuncinane abachasi-100. Omnye okanye abameli abaninzi kufuneka bahlale kwimeko eyahlukileyo kunomnye okanye abachasayo. Kwakhona, umonakalo ofunwa ngabo bonke abachasiweyo kufuneka ubuncinane i-$ 5 yezigidi. Injongo yomthetho kukuba ngamacala amaninzi afanele azame kwiinkantolo zentlangano, eziqhelekileyo ezinobungane kubachasayo kuneenkundla zombuso.
Amavolontiya: Omnye umzekelo wokuguqulwa komonakalo owenziwe nguRhulumente wesigqeba nguMthetho WokuVotelwa kweVolontiya (VPA). Kugqitywe ngo-1997, i-VPA ijolise ekukhuthazeni ukuvolontiya. Ikhusela abasebenzi abavolontiya kumacala okugweba ngokusekelwe kwizenzo okanye ukushiya kwabo benzayo ngelixa benza egameni lenhlangano engenzi nzuzo okanye iqumrhu likarhulumente. Ukuba umqeshwa wenza inkonzo efuna ilayisenisi, kufuneka abe nelayisenisi ngokufanelekileyo ukuba alondolozwe kwizikhwama.
I-VPA ayikhuseli abasebenzi kwiimpahla ezifanelekileyo ngokuxhomekeka ngokungazenzisiyo, ngokungenangqondo, okanye ukuziphatha kakubi. Ayisebenzi kwiingozi ezibangelwa yivolontiya eqhuba isithuthi, ubugcisa okanye iinqanawa ukuba umnini okanye umsebenzisi wesithuthi okanye isitya kufuneka ukuba afumane ilayisense okanye agcine i-inshurensi.