2001 ukuya 2009: Imicimbi yezeMali ye-10

by Rosemary Peavler

Iziganeko zeMali eziPhezulu eziPhezulu ezithintele iBhishino kule Minyaka

Kukho imicimbi ebalulekileyo yemali kule minyaka elishumi ukuba kunzima ukukhetha ezilishumi eziphezulu. Kuye kube yiminyaka elishumi edibeneyo yeziganeko zemali e-United States nakwihlabathi jikelele, ezinye izinto ezilungileyo, ezinye ezimbi, kunye nazo zonke iindaba ezilungileyo. Zonke iziganeko zezemali ziye zabaluleka kumashishini amancinci. Kukho ukuhlaselwa kwamagorha nemiphumo yezoqoqosho, iziqhwithi, ukukhwabanisa kwamashishini kunye nemali, iimfazwe, kunye nokuwa kweebhola.

Nantsi uluhlu lwakho oluphezulu lwe-10, oludweliswe phantse ngonyaka!

Unyaka ka-10: Ukutshabalalisa i-Dot.com, okanye iTeknoloji, ibhola

I-intanethi yayisesitayela. Abasomashishini babone amandla kwi-intanethi yezoshishino. Nangona kunjalo, ishishini lasekhompyutheni lalisencinane. Wonke umntu wayethetha ngo "qoqosho olutsha" olubhekiselele kuqoqosho oluqhutywe nge-Intanethi. Uninzi lwezigcawu ze-dot.com, njenge-Yahoo.com, zifakwe kwi-NASDAQ. NgoJanuwari ka-2000, i-NASDAQ ivaliwe ngaphaya kwe-5000. I-NASDAQ ngoku ithengisa u-2100.

Abatyalomali babebutyebi kwiitoksi ezingenakunceda ngamanani aphakamileyo kunye namaxabiso aphezulu / amavuzo - amafemu afana neenkampani zesoftware kunye nazo zonke izinto zekhompyutha kunye ne-intanethi. Iinkqubo zeCisco, umzekelo, zithengiswa ngamaxesha angaphezu kwama-150 amavuzo ngoMatshi ka-2000.

Ngo-Ephreli ka-2000, ingxelo yexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso yabangela ukuba i-bubble ecacisayo iqhume kwaye kwakukho ilahleko ezinkulu zotyalo-mali.

09 - Unyaka ka-2001: NgoSeptemba 11 Ukuhlaselwa kobuGebengu

Ukuhlaselwa kwabangqongqangi be-9/11 kwaba yiziganeko ezanceda ukubeka ezinye iimbali zeeminyaka. Emva kolo suku olubi ngoSeptemba 2001, isimo sethu semozulu sezoqoqosho sasingasayi kuphinda sifane. Kwaphela kwimeko yesithathu kwimbali ukuba i-New York Stock Exchange ivalwe ixesha elide. Kule meko, ivaliwe ukususela ngoSeptemba 10 ukuya ku-17. Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumntu ngaloo mini, ukulahlekelwa koqoqosho akunakuze kuqikelelwe.

Ezinye ziqikelela ukuba kwakukho ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-60 kwiindleko ze-inshorensi yodwa. Ama-18,000 amashishini amancinci ayesuswa okanye atshabalalisa eMzantsi Manhattan emva kweTwin Towers. Kwakukho ukhuseleko kwiindawo zokukhusela kwikhaya kuwo onke amanqanaba. I-9/11 yabangela ukulahlekelwa kwemali kwi-US

U-08 - Unyaka ka-2001: u-Enron, uNgqongqo wobuqhetseba beCandelo, kunye nokuPhathwa koLuntu

U-Enron , enye yeenkampani zamandla aphezulu ngeli xesha, kunye no-Arthur Andersen, omnye weeflanzi zokubala eziphezulu zorhulumente, abanjwe kwi-scandal yobuqhetseba obukhokelela ekubanjweni kwe-Enron kunye nokuchithwa kuka-Arthur Andersen.

U-Enron wafihla izigidigidi zeedola zamatyala kubanikezeli bezabelo zabo kwiingxaki kunye neeprojekthi ezingaphumeleli. Ngaphezulu, yaxinzelela abaphicothi-zincwadi bayo, uArthur Andersen, ukuba ayinakuyinyamekela le micimbi. Abanikazi bamasheya balahlekelwa ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-60.

Oku kwakhokelela ekugqibeleni umthetho we- Sarbanes-Oxley Act ka-2002 owandisa izigwebo zokukhwabanisa kweengxelo kunye nokuyalela amafemu okubala ukuba ahlale emele ngabathengi bawo. Amanye amafemu afana neTyco kunye ne-Worldcom bafumana ama-scandal afanayo. Ezi zihlazo zitshengisa iimarike zokhuseleko kunye nokuzithemba kotyalo-mali.

07 - Unyaka ka-2002: I-Market Market Crash

Emva kwesithuba se-slide esifutshane se-9/11, imarike yesitokisi yavuselela, kodwa yaqala ukuyilahla kwakhona ngo-Matshi 2002. Iimarike zafika zingabonakali ukususela ngo-1997 nangama-1998 ngoJulayi no-Septemba ka-2002. Amaqhinga okukhwabanisa, njenge-Enron, kunye kunye ne-9/11, babenegalelo ekulahlekelweni kokuzithemba kotyalo-mali kumashishini emasheya.

06 - Iminyaka ka-2001 kunye no-2003-Okwangoku: Imfazwe kwi-Terror and War Iraq

Emva kokuhlaselwa kwabangqongqangi be-9/11, iMfazwe esebhubeni yaqaliswa e-Afghanistan kunye ne-Iraq ye-Iraq yasungulwa ngo-2003. Iindleko zeemfazwe ziyaqhubeka. Okwangoku, i- Congressional Research Service iye yavuma malunga neerandi ezingama-944 zeebhiliyoni ekusebenzeni kwezilwandle. Oku kuye kwaba yinkcazo engabonakaliyo yemali kwezoqoqosho lwethu kwaye akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuba iindleko zokugqibela ziya kuba ziphi.

05 - Unyaka ka-2005: I-China ne-Indiya zikhula njengeMandla eMali eNhlabathi

Ukunyuka kweChina kunye ne-Indiya njengamagunya ezezimali kwihlabathi akuyinto emfutshane. Abacumi baqikelela ukuba zombini amazwe angakhula ngesantya se-7-8% kwiminyaka emashumi ezayo. I-China, yedwa, ikhule malunga ne-9.6% kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo. Ngokubambisana, loo mazwe amabini aphendula ngekota yesithathu yabemi behlabathi.

Amazwe afana neUnited States ekuqaleni aqalisa ukusebenza ngaphandle kweChina naseNdiya ngenxa yezabasebenzi abancinci. Oku akusona kunjalo. Baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo kumazwe amabini kuba bafumene italente. I-Talent yezinto ezintsha kwimimandla ephezulu. Iingcali zesigidi kunye neenjineli ziqeqeshwe kwiIndiya kunye neChina ngamnye ngonyaka xa kuthelekiswa nenani elincinci kakhulu e-US Ubungakanani bamandla kwezobuchwepheshe buyakwazi ukuya eNtshonalanga ukuya eMpuma.

04 - Unyaka ka-2005: Iintshukumo zikaKatrina noRita

Ngo-Agasti 25, 2005, isiqhwithi uKatrina sabetha iGulf Coast yase-US njengeCandelo elinqineleyo okanye isiGaba sesi-4. Ngokukhawuleza yaba yintlekele yendalo engumlando wase-US, phantse ukutshabalalisa i-New Orleans ngenxa yezikhukula ezinzima.

Iqhwithela uRita ilandela uKatrina ngokukhawuleza ukuba yenze izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu. Phakathi kwala mabini, i-$ 200 billion yonakaliswe. Imisebenzi engama-400,000 yalahleka kwaye izindlu ezingama-275,000 zatshatyalaliswa. Uninzi lwemisebenzi kunye namakhaya awazange aphinde afunyanwe. Amakhulu amawaka abantu ayefuduka kwaye aphezu kwe-1 000 abulawe kwaye ezinye zilahlekile. Isiphumo kwixabiso leoli kunye nepetrol lalihlala ixesha elide.

03 - Iminyaka ka-2007 kunye no-2008: iNkqenkquthela yezeNtloko zezindlu kunye neBlue Bubble

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, imakethi yezindlu yase-United States yayikhula. Ixabiso lezindlu liphezulu. Ngokumalunga nabani na owayefuna ukuthenga ikhaya wayengathenga ikhaya. Iprogram ebizwa ngokuba yi-sub-prime loan. Abantu kunye neentsapho, ekudlulileyo, abazange bakwazi ukufumana imali yokubolekwa ngemali babenako ukufumana iimali zokuhlala ezihlawulisiweyo ngeentlawulo eziphantsi okanye ezingekho phantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lokuzala.

Amabhanki enza iimboleko zemali mboleko kubantu abahlala ezindlini ezinexabiso elithintekayo. Njengoko inani lamanani laphakama kwaye imali ebolekiswayo yemirholo yemali yayingabizi, abazange bakwazi ukwenza imali yabo yokuhlawula imali. Kungekudala, amaziko amakhulu emali ayephethe iipotfoliyo zemali-mboleko ezingenanto. I-"crunch crunch" elandelayo.

02 - Unyaka ka-2008: uBernard Madoff kunye nePiggest Ponzi Scheme eMbali

UBernard Madoff, owayenenkampani yakhe yeengcebiso ngokutshala imali, wayengumongameli we-NASDAQ. Ngonyaka ka-2008, wavuma ukuba asebenze kwisikimu esikhulu sePonzi apho ahlawule khona abatyali-mali bakhe ngemali evela kwabanye abathengi. Ekugqibeleni, konke kuphawulwa kwaye akazange akwazi ukuhlangabezana neembopheleleko zakhe. Kwesinye sezicwangciso ezinkulu zobuqhetseba bokutsalwa kobuqhetseba kwimbali yaseWall Street, waqhatha abatyalo-mali bakhe malunga neerandi eziyi-18 yezigidigidi. Wagwetywa iminyaka eyi-150 entolongweni.

01 - Iminyaka ka-2007 - 2009: Ukubuyisela kwi-Global and Recall of Wall Street

NgoSeptemba ka-2008, isiqhwithi esibonakalayo sigqibeleleyo sezinto zihlangene ukuze kuthotywe uqoqosho olunzulu kakhulu kwi-US kuphela, kodwa kulo lonke ihlabathi, ukususela kwi-Depression Depression. Ibhanki enkulu yotyalo-mali eyayimi kwi-Wall Street yaqala ukuwa ngenxa yenkxalabo ye-mortgage eyinkunzi kunye nobuqhetseba obuqilileyo. Ngethuba leenyanga zokugqibela zoLawulo lweBush, urhulumente wezepolisi wangena ekubambiseni amanye ala maziko ukwenzela ukuba agcine inkqubo yezemali yase-United States.

Ngethuba loLawulo lwe-Obama lwalufikelele kwiNdlu eNgcwele ngoJanuwari ka-2009, uqoqosho lwaye lwaqhawula kwaye ukukhwela kwemali kuye kwabamba. Ekupheleni konyaka ka-2009, kukho iimpawu zokuphucula, kodwa kunokude, kuphuze, kwaye kubuhlungu.