Ukusebenzisa i-TQM kuya kunceda ukuphucula umgangatho kunye nokusebenza
Oku kuya kufumaneka ngokuhlanganisa yonke imisebenzi enxulumene nomgangatho kunye neenkqubo kuzo zonke iinkampani. I-TQM ibhekisela kumanyathelo omgangatho jikelele asetyenziswa yinkampani kubandakanya ukulawula ukucwangciswa komgangatho kunye nophuhliso, ukulawula umgangatho kunye nokugcinwa, ukuphuculwa komgangatho, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi.
I-TQM iqwalasela yonke imilinganiselo esemgangathweni ethathwe kuwo onke amanqanaba kwaye ibandakanya bonke abasebenzi beenkampani.
Imvelaphi yeTQM
Ulawulo olupheleleyo lwekhwalithi luye lwavela kwiindlela zokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi ezaqala ukuphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala. Inzame yemfazwe yabangela imizamo emikhulu yokukhiqiza eyayivame ukuvelisa umgangatho ongezantsi. Ukukunceda ukulungisa oku, abahloli bekhwalithi baveliswa kumgca wokuvelisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinga lokungaphumeleli ngenxa yemigangatho yancinci.
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi kwaba yindawo eqhelekileyo kwimimandla yokuvelisa kwaye oku kwakhokelela ekuqalisweni kweStatistical Quality Control (SQC), ingcamango eyenziwa nguDkt. W. Edwards Deming.
Le ndlela yekhwalithi yanikezela indlela yokulinganisa impawu esekelwe kwisampuli. Apho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhlola yonke into, isampuli ivivinywe kumgangatho. Ingcamango ye-SQC isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba ukuhluka kwenkqubo yokuvelisa kubangela ukutshintsha kwimveliso ekupheleni.
Ukuba ukutshintsha kwenkqubo kungasuswa, oku kuya kubakho kwizinga eliphakamileyo lomgangatho kwimveliso yokugqibela.
Imfazwe yeMfazwe yeZibini
Emva kweMfazwe yeBini yeMfazwe, abavelisi bezoshishino baseJapan bevelise izinto ezimbi. Ekuphenduleni kulo, i-Japan Union yeSosayensi kunye neenjiniya zamema uDkt Deming ukuba aqeqeshe iinjineli kwiinkqubo eziphezulu.
Ngolawulo luka-1950 lomgangatho wawuyingxenye ebalulekileyo yokuveliswa kweJapan kwaye yamkelwe ngamanqanaba onke abasebenzi ngaphakathi kwintlangano.
Ngomnyaka wee-1970 umxholo wendlela esemgangathweni yayixutyushwa. Oku kubonakala njengokulawula komgangatho wenkampani kubandakanya bonke abasebenzi abavela kubaphathi abaphezulu kubasebenzi, ekulawuleni umgangatho. Kwiminyaka elishumi eyalandelayo amanye amashishini angewona aseJapane azisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwekhwalithi ezisekelwe kwiziphumo ezibonwe eJapan.
Utshintsho olutsha lolawulo lomgangatho lwaziwa ngokuba yi-Quality Quality Management, eyayisetyenziselwa ukuchaza ezininzi izicwangciso kunye nobuchule obujoliswe kumgangatho oba yiziko lokugxininisa ekuhambeni komgangatho.
Iimigaqo zeTQM
I-TQM inokuchazwa njengokulawulwa kwamanyathelo kunye nenkqubo ejoliswe ekufezeni ukuveliswa kweemveliso neemveliso. Ininzi yemigaqo ephambili ingabonwa ekuchazeni i-TQM, kuquka:
- Ulawulo oluLawulayo - Ulawulo oluphezulu lufanele lusebenze njengomqhubi oyintloko we-TQM kunye nokudala indawo eqinisekisa ukuphumelela kwayo.
- Uqeqesho - Abasebenzi kufuneka bafumane ukuqeqeshwa rhoqo kwiindlela kunye neengcamango zomgangatho.
- Ukugxilwa kwabathengi - Ukuphuculwa komgangatho kufuneka kuphucule ukwaneliseka kwabaxhasi .
- Ukwenza isigqibo - Izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kufuneka zenziwe ngokusekelwe kumlinganiselo.
- Indlela kunye nezixhobo-Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo kuqinisekisa ukuba iziganeko ezingahambisani nokulandelelana zichongiwe, zilinganiswe kwaye ziphendulwa ngokuqhubekayo.
- Ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo - Iinkampani kufuneka ziqhubeke nokusebenza ekuphuculeni inkqubo yokuvelisa kunye nemigangatho.
- Inkcubeko yeNkcubeko - Inkcubeko yenkampani kufuneka ijolise ekuphuhliseni abakwaziyo ukusebenza kunye kunye nokuphucula umgangatho.
- Ukubandakanywa kwabasebenzi - Abasebenzi kufuneka bakhuthazwe ukuba baqhube phambili ekuboneni nasekujonganeni neengxaki ezinxulumene nemigangatho.
Iindleko ze-TQM
Iinkampani ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba iindleko zokusungulwa kwe-TQM zikhulu kakhulu kuneenzuzo eziza kuvelisa. Nangona kunjalo uphando phakathi kwamanani amashishini aneendleko ezibandakanyekayo ekwenzeni into, oko kukuthi iindleko ezihambelana neengqalileyo zeengqinamba, zininzi kakhulu kuneendleko zokuphumeza i-TQM.
Ubungcali bekhwalithi yaseMelika, uPhil Crosby, wabhala ukuba iinkampani ezininzi zanyula ukuhlawula umgangatho omncinci kwizinto awayebhekisele kuzo ngokuthi "Ixabiso leNkohlakalo". Iindleko zichongwe kwi-Prevention, Appraisal, Failure (PAF) Model.
Iindleko zokuthintelwa zidibaniswa nokuyila, ukuphunyezwa nokugcinwa kwenkqubo ye-TQM. Ziye zacwangciswa kwaye zenziwa ngaphambi kokusebenza, kwaye ziquka:
- Iimfuno zeMveliso - Ukucaciswa kweenkcukacha zezixhobo ezingenayo, iinkqubo, iimveliso / iinkonzo ezigqityiweyo.
- UkuCwangciswa koMgangatho - Ukudala izicwangciso zokubaluleka, ukuthembeka, ukusebenza, umveliso kunye nokuhlola.
- Ukuqinisekiswa koMgangatho - Ukudalwa nokugcinwa kwenkqubo yekhwalithi.
- Uqeqesho - Ukuphuhliswa, ukulungiselela, nokugcinwa kweenkqubo.
Iindleko zovavanyo zihambelana nabathengisi kunye nokuvavanywa kwabaxumi ngezinto ezithengiweyo kunye neenkonzo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zingaphakathi kwiinkcukacha. Ba nga ndakanya:
- Ukuqinisekiswa - Ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezingenayo ngokuchasene nezivumelwano.
- UVavanyo lweMigangatho - Qaphela ukuba inkqubo yekhwalithi isebenza ngokuchanekileyo.
- UkuVavanywa koThengisi - Ukuhlola nokuvunywa kwabathengisi.
Iindleko zokungaphumeleli zinokuhlulwa phakathi kwazo ezibangelwa ukungaphumeleli kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Iindleko zokungaphumeleli zangaphakathi zenzeka xa iziphumo zingaphumeleli kumgangatho ophezulu kwaye ziyafunyanwa ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kumthengi. Ezi ziquka:
- Inkunkuma - Umsebenzi ongadingekanga okanye iimpahla ezigcinwe ngenxa yeziphene, intlangano ebuthakathaka okanye ukunxibelelana.
- Imveliso - Imveliso engalunganga okanye izinto ezingenakulungiswa, ezisetyenzisiweyo okanye ezithengiswayo.
- Umvuzo - Ukulungiswa kwezinto eziphosakeleyo okanye iimpazamo.
- Uhlalutyo lokusilela - Oku kufuneka ukuba kusekwe izizathu zokungaphumeleli komkhiqizo wangaphakathi.
Iindleko zokungaphumeleli kwangaphandle zenzeka xa iimveliso okanye iinkonzo zihluleka ukufikelela kwimilinganiselo esemgangathweni kodwa azifunyanwanga ukuba emva kokuba umthengi athathe into. Ezi ziquka:
- Ukulungiswa - Ukunikezelwa kweemveliso ezibuyiselwe okanye kwindawo yomthengi.
- Iwaranti zamabango - Izinto zithatyathwa okanye iinkonzo zenziwa kwakhona phantsi kwewaranti.
- Izikhalazo - Wonke umsebenzi kunye neendleko ezihambelana nokujongana nezikhalazo zamakhasimende.
- Ukubuyisa - Ukuthutha, uphando, nokusingatha izinto ezibuyiselwe.
Ubume bakho bobuchule obufanelekileyo bufanele ukunikezela ngemveliso yexesha elifanelekileyo kubathengi bakho, ngelixa ubiza imali encinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka. I-TQM iya kunceda ufezekise loo njongo.
Ukuhlaziywa nguGary Marion, uLawulo lweZibonelelo kunye neCandelo loNcedo lweeNkonzo.