Izonyango zonyango kunye nezindlela zokulahla zikhethiweyo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokusekelwe kwifom, ukubunjwa kunye nobungakanani bezinto zokungcola.
Nazi iindlela ezinkulu zonyango kunye neendlela zokulahla:
Utyando Lamafutha
Ukunyangwa kwenkunkuma yomshushu kubhekisela kwiinkqubo ezisebenzisa ukushisa ukuphatha izixhobo zokuchitha inkunkuma. Oku kulandelayo ngamanye amacandelo ophuhliso lonyango olusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo:
- Ukunyuswa komnye ngenye yezona zonyango eziqhelekileyo zonyango. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukutsha kwezinto eziphathekayo ezinkunkuma kwi-oxygen. Inkqubo yokushisa iguqula utshitshi ku-ash, flue, igesi, umphunga wamanzi kunye ne-carbon dioxide. Le ndlela yonyango ye-thermal isetyenziswa njengendlela yokufumana amandla ombane okanye ukufudumeza . Le ndlela inezinzuzo ezininzi. Ngokukhawuleza kuncitshiswe umthamo wemfucuza, kunciphisa iindleko zokuhamba kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ephazamisayo.
- I-Gasification kunye nePyrolysis ziindlela ezimbini ezifanayo, zombini ezidibanisa izixhobo eziphathekayo zokuchitha inkunkuma ngokubeka inkunkuma kwixabiso elincinci le-oksijini kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. I-Pyrolysis ayisebenzisi ngokupheleleyo i-oksijeni ngelixa i-gasification ivumela umlinganiselo ophantsi kakhulu we-oksijini kwinkqubo. I-Gasification inenzuzo ngakumbi njengoko ivumela inkqubo yokutshisa ukufumana amandla ngaphandle kokubangela ukungcola komoya.
- Ukuvutha okuvuthayo yinkqubo yokulahla inkunkuma yendalo enobungozi bendalo. Abaqhubi abasebenzisa kule nkqubo abanakho izixhobo zokulawula ukungcola. Bakhulula izinto ezifana ne-hexachlorobenzene, i-dioxins, i-carbon monoxide, umthamo we-particulate, i-compounds organic compounds, i-polycyclic compounds aromatic, kunye nomlotha. Ngelishwa, le ndlela isasetyenziswa ngamagosa amaninzi asekuhlaleni, njengoko inikeza isisombululo esingabizi kwiinkcitho eziqinileyo.
UkuLahla kunye neeFayili
Izifayili zokuthuthwa kwee- Sanitary zinikezela isisombululo sokulahlwa kwenkunkuma ngokuqhelekileyo. Ezi zintlawulo zempahla zifunwa ukuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa umngcipheko wengozi okanye izingozi zempilo zikarhulumente ngenxa yokulahla inkunkuma. Ezi zindawo zikhona apho iimpawu zomhlaba zisebenza njengendawo yokudityaniswa kwemvelo phakathi kokusingqongileyo kunye nokuhlaselwa komhlaba. Ngokomzekelo, indawo yokuhlaselwa komhlaba ingabandakanywa nomhlaba wodongwe ongenakuxhatshazwa kwiindawo ezinobungozi okanye obonakala ngokungabikho kwamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba okanye itafile yamanzi aphantsi, ukukhusela umngcipheko wokungcola kwamanzi. Ukusetyenziswa kweefomathi zokuhlawula i-cleaner kubonisa ingozi encinci yempilo nobume bendalo, kodwa iindleko zokumisela iiflethi ezinjalo ziphezulu kunezinye iindlela zokulahla inkunkuma.
Ukulahla okulawulwayo kuninzi okanye kufana neefomathi zokugcina umhlaba. Ezi zidibanisi zihambelana nemimiselo emininzi yokuba ibe ngumhlaba wokuhlambalahla kodwa ungenayo enye okanye ezimbini. Iindleko ezinjalo zingenakho amandla okucwangciswa kakuhle kodwa akukho ukucwangciswa kweseli. Kungase kubekho ulawulo lwegesi, ukugcinwa kwerekhodi eyisiseko, okanye ukukhutshwa rhoqo.
Iifomflethi ze-Bioreactor zibangelwa uphando lwezobuchwepheshe zamuva. Ezi ntlawulo zepropathi zisebenzisa i-microbiological iinkqubo eziphezulu zokukhawulezisa ukuchithwa kwenkunkuma.
Isixhobo esilawulayo sisongezo esongezelelayo samanzi ukuze kugcinwe umswakama ophezulu wokugonywa kwe-microbial. Umbane udibaniswa ngokuphinda ujikeleze i-landfill leachate. Xa isixa semali esingekho esaneleyo, inkunkuma yamanzi njengetyuwa ye-sludge isetyenziswe.
Ukunyangwa kweNkunkuma yeBioological
Ukuhlaziywa komgquba ngenye indlela yokulahla inkunkuma okanye indlela yokonyango elawulwayo i-aerobic decomposition yezinto eziphathekayo zokungcola ngento eyenziwa ngama-invertebrates amancinci kunye nama-microorganisms. Izindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuququzelela i-composting zibandakanya i-static quile composting, i-vermin-composting, i-windrow composting kunye ne-container composting.
Ukuchithwa kwama-Anaerobic kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ze-biological ukubolaza izinto eziphilayo. I-Anaerobic Digestion, nangona kunjalo, isebenzisa umoya we-oksijini kunye ne-bhakteria engenawo umonakalo ukubolaza izinto ezilahlekileyo apho ukuhlaziywa kwe-composting kufuneka kube nemoya ukuze kukhuliswe ukukhula kwamagciwane.
Olunye ulwazi Iimithombo Zomdla
Nazi ezinye iindawo eziza kuzisa isihloko solawulo lwenkunkuma:
https://www.epa.gov/environmental-topics/land-waste-and-cleanup-topics
http://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/SWM/General_Overview/Zurbruegg_2002_SWM_DC.pdf
http://www.codwap.hs-bremen.de/02%20Material/CHE_5110.Introduction%20to%20Solid%20Waste%20Management.pdf
http://osp.mans.edu.eg/environmental/ch6f.htm
https://www.britannica.com/technology/solid-waste-management