Inkcitho ye-Electronics, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-e-scrap kunye ne-e-waste, yintsikiti esenzayo kwi-surplus, izixhobo zombane eziphukileyo neziphulukileyo. I-E-waste okanye i-electronics yokuphinda isetyenzisiwe yinkqubo yokubuyisela izinto ezivela kumacebo amandulo ukuba asebenzise kwimveliso emitsha.
Ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-electronics
Senza i-e-nkunkuma kwizinga elikhawulezayo. Ezinye zeefowuni zifakela indawo ziquka iifowuni (zatshintshwa zonke iinyanga ezingama-22), ikhompyutheni yedeskithophu (yatshintshwa yonke iminyaka emibili), abadlali abathintekayo bemimandla (bathatha indawo yonke iminyaka emi-2/3), umdlali weDVD (utshintshwe yonke iminyaka engama-4/5), umshicileli (ithatha indawo yonke iminyaka emihlanu), kunye neethelevishini (zatshintshwe yonke iminyaka eyi-10 +).
Ngoko, ngobomi obuncinane kakhulu obuncedo, olu tshintsho lwekhompyutheni luya kwi-e-nkunkuma ngexesha elikhawulezayo. Enyanisweni, kwaqikelelwa ukuba kukho izigidi ezingama-422 ezingasetyenziswanga kunye neefowuni ezingafunekiyo eziqokelelwa kumakhaya abantu ngasekupheleni kuka-2015.
Ngokutsho kwenkampani yophando lwezobuchwepheshe, uGartner, ngo-2015 kuphela, i-1.9 billion yeefowuni zeefowuni zathengiswa emhlabeni jikelele. Loo phantse umntu omnye kubo bonke abantu abane. Unyaka ngamnye izigidi zeekhompyutha ezifana nezifowuni, iiTV, iikhomputha, iipottops, kunye neepilisi zifikelela ekupheleni kobomi bazo.
Yintoni eyenzekayo kumadivayisi ekupheleni kobomi babo obuncedo?
Ngelishwa, uninzi lwale micimbi yekhompyutheni luphela ekuzalweni kwempahla kunye nepesenteji encinci iphinda ibuye / njengezixhobo ezintsha zekhompyutha. Ngokwezifundo ze-UN, ngowama-2014 kuphela, i-41.8 yezigidi zeetoni ze-elektroniki (inkunkuma) yalahlwa emhlabeni wonke, nge-10 ukuya kwe-40 ekhulwini lokulahla eyenziwe ngokufanelekileyo.
I-elektroniki izele izinto ezixabisekileyo kuquka ubhedu, itin, isinyithi, i-aluminium, i-fuel fuels, i-titanium, igolide kunye nesilivere. Uninzi lwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza ezi zixhobo zecomputer zingabuyiselwa, ziphinde ziphinde zenziwe kwakhona, zibandakanya iiplastiki, izitye kunye neglasi. Kwingxelo, i-Apple ibonise ukuba ifunyenwe iiprogram ezingama-2204 zegolide-ezizigidi ezingama-40 ezigidi-ezivela kwi-iPhones, ii-Macs kunye ne-iPads kwakhona ngo-2015.
Ezinye ezinye i-E-waste waste recycling
Unyaka ngamnye, amaMelika alahleka malunga ne-9.4 yezigidi zeetoni ze-e-nkunkuma, isixa esingaphezu kweliphi ilizwe elizweni.
Okwangoku, i-e-waste iyimilinganiselo engama-2 omlambo wamanzi kamasipala e-US E-waste njengamanje inxalenye ekhula ngokukhawuleza yenkunkuma enomzi waseMelika e-US, eyanda ngamaphesenti ama-5 ngonyaka.
Kunyaka ngamnye, phakathi kwe-20 ukuya ku-50 yezigidi zeetoni ze-e-diste ziphoswe kwiifomflethi, kwaye i-10 ukuya kwe-18 ekhulwini ye-total generation e-waste generation isetyenziswe kwakhona. Kodwa ngokwe-EPA, i-E-waste current recycling rate i-12.5% kuphela.
Unyaka wonke, amaMerika alahleka iifowuni ezinezigidi ezingama-60 zesilivere negolide.
Ininzi ye-e-nkunkuma eyenziwe e-US ithunyelwa eChina, eIndiya, ePakistan, eNigeria naseGhana ekwenza ingxaki yokulahla kulawo mazwe.
Iinzuzo ze-E-waste waste
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-e-nkunkuma kwintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo kunye nezoqoqosho:
Ngokutsho kwe-EPA, ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwee-laptops ezigidi ziyakwazi ukugcina umbane ofanelekileyo wamandla angasebenzisa imizi engama-3,657 e-US ngonyaka. I-EPA ithi kwakhona ngokuphindaphinda iifowuni zeefowuni enye, sinokubuyisela i-75 lbs zegolide, i-772 lbs zesilivere kunye ne-35,274 lbs zobhedu kunye ne-33 lbs ye-palladium.
Ngokwe-Electronics TakeBack Coalition, kuthatha ama-1.5 eetoni zamanzi, i-530 lbs yamanzi kunye nama-40 Ibs yamachiza ukuvelisa ikhompyutha enye kunye nokubeka iliso.
Amaphesenti angama-81 yamandla anxulumene nekhomputha asetyenziswa ngexesha lokuveliswa kwaye kungekhona ngexesha lokusebenza.
I-elektroniki iqukethe iikhemikhali ezinobungozi kunye nezingozi kunye nezixhobo ezikhutshwayo kwimeko ukuba asizilahli kakuhle.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-e-nkunkuma kusisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela iindidi ezixabisekileyo kunye nezinye izinto ezivela kwii-electronics, ukugcina izixhobo zendalo (ukunciphisa ukungcola, ukugcina indawo yokuhlala, nokudala imisebenzi).
Inkqubo yokuvuselela i-electronics
Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe i-elektroniki kunokuba ngumceli-mngeni kuba izixhobo zeekhompyutheni ezilahlayo zixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenziwe ngokuhlukahluka kweglasi, isinyithi kunye neeplastiki.
Inkqubo yokubuyiswa kwakhona iyakwazi ukuhluka, kuxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezibuyiselwayo kunye nobuchwephesha obuqeshwe, kodwa nanku uluhlu jikelele.
Ukuqokelela kunye nezothutho : Ukuqokelela kunye nokuthutha zimbini zamanqanaba okuqala enkqubo yokubuyisela izinto, kuquka i-e-waste. Indawo yokuqokelela ii-reclins okanye i-electronics back-back booths kwiindawo ezithile kunye nokuthutha i-e-nkunkuma eqokelelelwe kulezi ziza ukuhlaziywa kwezityalo kunye nezibonelelo.
Ukutshiza, Ukuhlunga, nokuHlukana: Emva kokuqokelela kunye nokuthutha kwiindawo zokubuyisela izinto, izixhobo ezisemgangathweni lwe-e-waste kufuneka zicutshungulwe kwaye zihluke kwizinto ezihlambulukileyo ezingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iimveliso ezintsha. Ukwahlukana ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo kuyisiseko se-electronics recycling. Ukutshatyalaliswa kokuqala kwemifudlana ye-e-inkunkuma kuququzelela ukuhlengahlengisa kunye nokwahlukana kwee-plastiki kwiinkonzo kunye neesekethe zangaphakathi. Ngoko, i-e-waste item items to pieces into small as 100mm ukulungiselela ukuhlaziya ngakumbi.
Umtsalane onamandla ohlukeneyo uhlukanisa isinyithi kunye nensimbi esuka kumlambo wenkunkuma kumthumeli. Izinto ezikhoyo zezinto zetsimbi zilungiselelwe ukuthengiswa njengetsimbi ephinda yenziwe. Ukuqhutyelwa komatshini okuqhubekayo kuhlukanisa i-aluminium, ubhedu kunye neebhodi zeesekethe ezivela kwimithombo yamanzi ephambili eplastiki. Emva koko, iteknoloji yokwahlukanisa amanzi isetyenziselwa ukwahlula iglasi kwiiplastiki. Ukuhlola okubonwayo kunye nokukhetha ngesandla ukuphucula umgangatho wezinto ezikhishweyo. Imijelo eyahlukileyo ye-aluminium, ubhedu kunye neebhodi zeesekethe ziqokelelwa kwaye zilungiselelwe ukuthengiswa njengempahla yokuphinda ibuyele. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukana okuphambili kusetyenziswa kwinkqubo. Isinyathelo sokugqibela kwinkqubo yokuhlula ibeka kunye nokucoca nayiphi na i-resintsystem esele ivela kwiiplastiki ukuze ihlambulule umlambo.
Ukulungiselela Ukuthengiswa Njengezinto Ezixhambileyo: Emva kokuqhawula, ukuhlenga kunye nokuhlukana kwamanyathelo ayenziwe, izinto ezihlukeneyo zilungiselelwe ukuthengiswa njengezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zokuvelisa i-electronics okanye ezinye iimveliso.
IiNkampani zoLungiso lweeMveliso
ISRI (i-Institute of Recycling Industries): I-ISRI yinkampani enkulu yezobugcisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye neenkampani zamalungu angama-1600, apho iinkampani ezingama-350 zi-recyclers e-waste.
I-CAER (Ulungelelaniso lwe-American Electronics Recycling): I- CAER yinto enye ehamba phambili ye-e-waste incycling association e-US eneenkampani ezingaphezu kwama-130 ezinxulumene namaziko angaphantsi kwama-300 e-recycling facilities kulo lonke ilizwe.
I-EERA (i-European Electronics Recyclers Association): I-EERA yinkampani ehamba phambili ye-e-waste esebenza ngokutsha eYurophu.
I-EPRA (i-Electronic Products Recycling Association): I-EPRA yinkampani ehamba phambili ye-e-waste esebenza ngokutsha ngokutsha eCanada.
Amathuba Amashishini kwi-E-Waste Recycling
Ukubuyiswa kwe-E-waste iyinkampani yokukhula kunye nomlinganiselo owandayo we-e-waste streams emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa inani elinyukayo lemimiselo ephathelene nokubuyiswa kwe-e-waste lidala izibambiso ezininzi zokungena kumashishini. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino zokuvuselela i-e-waste, izinga lemfuno yokutshala imali, ixesha kunye neendleko zokuqinisekisa, ukhuseleko lwezakhiwo, impilo kunye nokhuseleko kunye nolunye ulwazi oluhambelanayo, funda amaxesha amabhizinisi kwi-Recycling Electronics.
Iintlobo eziMngcipheko zangoku zeeMveliso zeCandelo loLungiso
I-e-waste waste recycling industry ineyona mingeni emingeni. Oku kubandakanya:
Ukuthunyelwa kweentengiso kumazwe athuthukayo Ukuthumela i-e-nkunkuma, kubandakanya izinto eziyingozi kunye neetyhefu, kukhokelela kwiingozi ezinzulu zempilo yabasebenzi abasebenzela ukudiliza amadivayisi asekhompyutheni kumazwe angenawo ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwendalo. Njengamanje, i-50-80 ekhulwini ye-e-nkunkuma eqokelela i-recyclers ithunyelwa ngaphesheya kwamanye amazwe, kubandakanywa ne-e-scrap engaphandle kwemthethweni, eyinkxalabo ethile. Ngokubanzi, ukulawulwa okwaneleyo kokusetyenziswa kweekhompyutheni kumazwe asakhulayo kuye kwabangela iingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo zempilo kunye neengingqi.
Izinto ezincinci izinto ezixabisekileyo Nangona umthamo we-e-nkunkuma ikhula ngokukhawuleza, umgangatho we-e-waste uyancipha. Izixhobo zincinci kwaye zincinci zinezantsi yentsimbi. Ixabiso lezinto eziphathekayo ezininzi zeekhompyutha kunye nezixhobo zombane ziye zawa ngokukhawuleza.
Kwiinkomfa zenkomfa ye-IERC 2016 eyayibanjelwe eSalzburg ngoJanuwari, ngo-2016, u-Thierry Van Kerckhoven, uMphathi weZentengiso kwiLizwe le-teknoloji yaseMicore, wathi "Ukunyuka kwezinga lokunyuka kwezinto ezinobumba kubangela umbuzo wokuba iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zonyango ezinjengokutshatyalaliswa kwangoku kwaye Ubuchwepheshe bokuthungela phambili buya kukwazi ukujamelana nemingeni yokubuyisela i-future. "
I-recyclers ye-elekroniki iphinde ihlupheke ngenxa yexabiso lokuguqulwa kwexabiso jikelele lezinto eziphinda zenziwe kwakhona, eziye zinciphisa imida kwaye zaphumela ekuvalwa kwemashishini.
I-Electronics ayilungiselelwe ukuphinda iphinde ibuye iphinde isebenzise Iimveliso ezininzi ziyaqhubeka zenziwe ngeendlela ezingenakuphinda zibuyiswe kwakhona, zilungiswe okanye zisebenziseke kwakhona. Ulolu hlobo luloloko luqhutyelwa ngezizathu eziphathekayo, ukuphazamiseka kweenjongo zokusingqongileyo jikelele. Kule nkalo, imibutho efana ne-ISRI iye yasebenza ekukhuthazeni imigaqo-nkqubo yokwandisa uluhlu lweenkampani ezigunyazisiweyo ezilungele ukulungiswa nokulungisa ama-smartphone ukuba ziphephe ukutshabalaliswa kwazo.
Uninzi lwe-E-nkunkuma luya kufikelela kumaphulo okuhlawula umgangatho Ixabiso langoku okanye izinga lokubuyiswa kwe-e-waste akwenzeki nakwaneleyo. Isilinganiso sokuhlaziya kwakhona samaphesenti angama-15-18 sineendawo ezininzi zokuphuculwa njengoko ininzi inkunkuma iqhutywe kwi-landfill.
Imigaqo yokuLungisa iWindows
Imithetho engcolileyo yecandelo le-electronics idluliselwe. Okwangoku, ama-25 ase-United States anemithetho egunyazisa ukubuyiswa kwe-e-waste kwiphondo. Amaqela amaninzi asebenzayo ekudluliseni umthetho omtsha nokuphucula umgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo. Okwangoku, ipesenti ezingama-65 zabantu base-US zigqitywa yimithetho ye-e-waste yokubuyisela inkunkuma. Kwamanye amazwe aquka iCalifornia, Connecticut, Illinois, nase-Indiana, i-e-waste inqatshelwe kwiifomflethi. Khangela oku kuluhlu olufutshane lweMithetho kaMbuso kwi-Recycled Electronics ukuze kuqondwe kangcono imithetho ye-e-waste ephindaphinda e-US.
Iingxelo
http://money.cnn.com/2016/04/15/technology/apple-gold-recycling/
http://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/crazy-e-waste-statistics-xplored-in-infographic.html
http://www.ksewaste.org/ewaste_why.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iw4g6H7alvo
http://www.ewaste.com.au/ewaste-articles/how-is-electronic-waste-recycled/
http://www.mining.com/web/e-waste-sector-facing-ewewchaenges/
http://www.electronicstakeback.com/resources/problem-overview/
http://www.electronicstakeback.com/promote-good-laws/state-legislation/