Izikhukula ezihlaselayo zaziyingxaki ephindaphindiweyo kwikhulu lekhulu leminyaka. Ngomnyaka we-1936 iCongress yazama ukulungisa umba ngokumisela uMthetho woLawulo lweMkhukula. Lo mthetho wagunyazisa urhulumente wephondo ukuba akhe izakhiwo zokulawulwa kwezikhukula njengamadama kunye namaqonga.
Ngelishwa, le miqathango yayingenelisekanga kwaye izikhukhula zaqhubeka.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960 izikhukhula zaziye zindleko kakhulu. Babangela ukulahlekelwa kwepropati enkulu kunye nokunyanzelisa imimandla emikhulu yemali ekhutshwa yintlekele. ICongress yabona ukuba kwakufuneka iprogram ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela izikhukula. Ngaloo nto, yenze iNkqubo yoNkcenkceshela kaZwelonke yeMkhukula (NFIP) ngo-1968.
I-NFIP ilawulwa yi-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukunciphisa ilahleko zokulahleka kweemvula ngokusebenzisa indlela emithathu elandelwe: ukulawulwa kwezikhukhula, imephu yengozi yokukhukula, kunye ne-inshurensi yesikhukhula. Ixesha lokukhukula lichaza nje indawo ejongene nezikhukhula.
Management Floodplain
Enye yeentsika ze-NFIP kukubandakanyeka koluntu. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ngokuzithandela. Iintlanga ezithatha inxaxheba zenza ukuzinikela kurhulumente wephondo. Ba thembisa ukuqalisa nokunyanzelisa inkqubo yokulawulwa kwezikhukhula.
Ulawulo lwe-Floodplain lunokufezwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kubandakanya ukucandwa kunye nokwakhiwa komgaqo . Iintlanga ezithatha inxaxheba kwi-NFIP kufuneka zinciphise ukwakhiwa okusha kwiindawo ezinokutya. Kufuneka baqinisekise kwakhona ukuba izakhiwo ezintsha ziphakanyisiwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuba uluntu luzalisekisa ukuphela kwaloo mvumelwano phantsi kwe-NFIP, abanikazi bepropati kuloo ndawo baya kuba nokufikelela kwi-inshurensi yezikhukhula.
Imephu yokuHlahla kweMkhukula
Xa uluntu lokuqala lujoyina inkqubo yekhukula i-FEMA iqhuba isifundo seengozi zemvelo. Xa isifundo sigqityiwe i-FEMA ilungisa iMephu yeeNkcazo zeNkcenkceshelo yoMshuwalense (i-FIRM). Imephu ibonakaliswa ngokubonakalayo kweengozi zemimandla yoluntu. Ezi zinokubandakanya ama-creeks, imilambo, i-levees, amadama kunye nezikhukhula (indawo apho amanzi ageleza ngexesha lomkhukula).
Ukuhlola iingozi zemvelo zamanzi I-FEMA isebenzisa umgangatho obizwa ngokuba ngumkhukula okanye umkhukula oneminyaka eyi-100 . Unomkhukula oneminyaka eyi-100 kulindeleke ukuba kwenzeke ubuncinane kanye kunye neminyaka eyi-100 (ingenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo). Isikhukhula siphezulu sinethuba eli-1% lokuvela kunyaka ngamnye. Ngaphantsi kwe-NFIP i-1% yendawo yamanzi yezikhukula ibizwa ngokuba yindawo enobungozi bendalo (SFHA).
Xa udweba i-FIRM, i-FEMA isebenzisa inkqubo yokwenza ikhowudi yokukhetha i-SFHA. Iindawo ezikufuphi kunxweme zinikezelwe ileta "V." "Imimandla" yingozi kakhulu kuba iyakhatyelwa ngumonakalo ngamagagasi aphezulu aphuma kwiziphepho okanye iitsunami. Iindawo ezijongene nezikhukula kodwa ezingenayo isenzo sokusatshulwa zikhethwe yileta "A." "Iindawo" zingasetyenziswa kufuphi nelibi okanye umlambo. Zingaba zikufutshane nommandla wonxweme kwindawo ekhuselweyo kumaza.
Enye into ebandakanyiweyo kwimephu yamanzi yindlabo yindlabo yokukhukhula .
Eli gama lithetha ukuphakama kwamanzi okukhukula kulindeleke ukuba akhuphuke ngexesha lomkhukula. Ukukhuselwa kumkhukula, ipropati kufuneka ibekwe ngaphaya kwe-BFE.
Umshuwalense weMkhukula
Umnini wepropati, umngcipheko we-1% wekhukula ungabonakala uphantsi. Kwi-1% yezikhukhula, nangona kunjalo, kukho amathuba angama-26% okuza kuvela umkhukula ngexesha leyiphi na iminyaka engama-30 (ubomi bendoda yokuthenga imali ). Ngaloo ndlela, nayiphi na impahla ekhoyo kwi-SFHA kufuneka ibhekiswe ngomshuwalense we-inshurensi ukuba loo propati ihlawulwe ngendleko-mboleko elawulwa ngumthetho okanye i-insured. Abanikazi bepropati engekho kwi-SFHA banokuthenga i-inshurensi ngokuzithandela ngokuzithandela.
Umshuwalense womkhukula kufuneka uthengwe ngokwahlukileyo kwi-inshurensi yepropati yoshishino. Oku kungenxa yokuba umkhukula kunye nemingcipheko enxulumene nayo (njengokwanda kwesiphango, udaka lwamanzi kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi okukhupha amanzi ) kungabandakanywa phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo wepropati yoshishino ngokukhutshwa kwamanzi .
Umshuwalense weMkhukula awukwazi ukuthengwa ngqo kwi-FEMA. Kunoko, ifumaneka kwiinkampani zomshuwalense ezenze isivumelwano kunye neNFIP. Ezi ntlawulo ze-inshurensi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yekhukhula ye-FEMA egameni lika-FEMA. Abathengi be-inshurensi bangakwazi ukuthenga i-inshurensi yechumlo kumnye wale bhorensi ngokusebenzisa i- inshente .
Iprojimenti ehlawulweyo yomshuwalense kwipropati ethile ixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Ezi ziquka:
- uluntu apho uphantsi kwepropati;
- indawo ekhoyo yepropati (nokuba i-SFHA);
- iimpawu zepropati (yobudala, ukwakha njl.); kwaye
- ukuphakama kwesakhiwo