Iingcebiso zeMali eziCetywayo zigqithise ngakumbi kunanini
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokunika imali incedo. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abaphandle ngobuchule bakhetha enye yezindlela ezimbini ezinokubangela impembelelo ebalulekileyo: isiseko sabucala okanye i -fund-advised fund (aka DFA).
Iziseko zenza isabelo esibalulekileyo sinikezela ngobubele e-US. Baya kwi "flavour" ezininzi kubandakanywa nezikarhulumente, ezizimeleyo, iinkampani kunye neziseko zentsapho.
Abantu okanye iintsapho bangasebenzisa iziseko zabucala okanye iintsapho ukuze batyelele ubutyebi babo obubalulekileyo kwizinto ezibangela ukuba banomdla kakhulu. Ezinye iziseko zentsapho ngamagama emakhaya, njenge-Bill kunye noMelinda Gates Foundation kunye ne-Rockefeller Foundation.
Nangona iziseko ezininzi zibaluleke kakhulu ngeempahla ezininzi, abasebenzi kunye nezibonelelo eziya kwi-plethora yezibonelelo ezingenzi-nzuzo, zininzi ziseko zeentsapho. Enyanisweni, kukho iziseko ezincinci kunokuba zikhulu. Umthombo weSiseko uthi ama-66 eepesenti ezingama-91,000 ezizimeleyo e-US zinempahla engaphantsi kwezigidi ezingama-R6.
Iimali ezicebisiweyo zinikwe ezitsha kunomzekelo wesiseko kodwa ziye zanda kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwesifundo ngokunikezela kwe-USA, iimali ezicebisiweyo zakhula i-18.3% ukusuka ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2015.
Umxhaswa omkhulu welizwe wale mali, iFidelity Charitable Gift Fund, ubeke inani elithile kwi-Chronicle of Philanthropy e-400 yoluntu kunye neziseko ezizimeleyo ngo-2017, ukuthumela i-$ 4.1 billion ngeminikelo.
Abaxhasi abanemali ebalulekileyo ekunikeni inceba bahlala becinga ukuba zeziphi iiplatifomu, isiseko okanye isibonelelo-mali esilulekileyo, siya kuba yinzuzo kakhulu. Cinga ngemveliso kunye nexhala lomzekelo ngamnye ngokucophelela.
Iinkonzo zeBonelelo ngeeNgcebiso-zeNgxowa-mali
Kulula ukumisa. Unokuvulwa ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo, kufana ne-akhawunti yebhanki.
Kwakhona, i-DAFs yenza kube lula ukulandelela iminikelo yokuzinikela. Yonke into kwindawo enye kunye nokufikelela okulula kwamaxwebhu abalulekileyo.
Umda ophantsi wokungena (u-$ 5000 kuphela kwiimali ezininzi).
Ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokuxolelwa kwerhafu ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuncitshiswa okuqhelekileyo kuya phezulu ngenxa yomthetho omtsha werhafu, abaxhasi bangaphatha phambili i-DAF ngeminyaka emininzi yeminikelo evumela ukuba ibe yinto engaphezulu kwexabiso elichithwayo (elibizwa nangokuthi "bunching"). Ngesinye esikwimali, imali ingasasazeka kwiminyaka emininzi kwaye inikwe nayiphi na indibaniso yezizathu. Imali kwi-DAF iyakhula ikhululekile irhafu ukwenzela ukuba inani elilinganayo lingaguqukele ekukhokelela kwiminikelo ephakamileyo yokunikela.
Kwakhona, iminikelo kwingxowa-mali ingashintsha ukufanisa utshintsho kwimali engenayo. Nika ngaphezulu kwiminyaka xa ingeniso iphezulu kwaye ingaphantsi kweminyaka engaphantsi. Amalungu oluntu olongezelelweyo angenziwa abacebisi kwi-fund ukuze bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba.
Ubumfihlo. Iminikelo ecetyiswa ngabaxhasi ingenziwa engaziwa, kwaye akukho maxwebhu karhulumente.
Ngcebiso. Abaxhasi banandipha ulwazi olugcinwe yi-fund inkxaso kunye neenkonzo ezinikezayo malunga necandelo lezontlalo. Kwakhona, inkxaso-mali yokuxhaswa ingakwazi ukuphatha iminikelo yesitokisi, iibhonksi, imali, i-real estate kunye nezinye iirhafu.
Abaxhasi banokuguqula iminikelo engekho yemali kwingxowa-mali kwaye banike umniki-mali uluhlu lweengxowa-mali zokuzikhethela.
Iindleko. Iingxowa-mali ezicebisiweyo zindleko ezifanelekileyo. Ziyakwazi ukusekwa ngemali encinci yemali, kwaye iindleko zolawulo ziphantsi. Iingxowa-mali ezicebisiweyo azidingeki ukuba zihlawule umlinganiselo othile wemali ngamnye ngonyaka (njengoko isiseko kufuneka), ngoko ke ingxowa-mali ingayifumana inzala kwiityalo zayo ngaphambi kokuba zenze izipho ezincedo. Nangona kunjalo, imali eninzi yokuphatha ikhuthaza abaxhasi ukuba 'bangahlali' kwiimali ezide kakhulu.
I-Consor ye-Donor-Advised Funds
Ukulahleka kolawulo. Xa sinikezwe, imali yomnikeli yile ngxowa-mali yokulawula, leyo leyo ichithe iminikelo / izibonelelo kumniki-mali. Isikhwama sokulawula sihlala sibambelela kwisicelo somcebisi / isiluleko ngaphandle kokuba inkululeko ekhethiweyo ayivumelekanga ( kungeyi-501c3 ).
Nangona kunjalo, umnikeli ulahlekelwa ukulawulwa kwendlela yakhe i-asethi yakhe ityala ngayo. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokuba umbutho ojongene nawo unayo imali, abaxhasi abanako ukwenza izibophelelo ezisemthethweni eziza kuxhamla kwi-charity. Baya kwenza izibophelelo ezingabophelanga (injongo yokunika).
Ukulahleka okungenzeka kokulandelelana. Abaxhasi bangachaza ukuba ngubani oza kulandela i-akhawunti emva kokufa kwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ilifa alikwazi ukumiselwa ngonaphakade. Ekugqibeleni, imali iya kwidibanti yemali kwi-fund management.
Iinkonzo zeZiseko ezizimeleyo
Ulawulo. Xa umntu ebeka isiseko, loo mntu unako ukugqiba ukuba ingaba yimali engakanani ukunika, ukuba ngubani na nini. Umsunguli ulawula kwakhona indlela yokutyala ifa lempahla. I-IRS, nangona kunjalo, imisela imithetho emininzi yokuchitha imali, njengemfuneko yokuba isiseko kufuneka sinike ubuncinane ubuncinane beesenti ezintlanu zeempahla zayo ngonyaka.
Impumelelo. Isiseko sinokunyamezela kwizizukulwana ezininzi, okanye sichithe phantsi kwezinto zayo kwixesha elithile elingenamlinganiselo
Isimo. Iziseko akuzona "ezizimeleyo." Ziyakwazi ukuyazi kakuhle, kwaye izibonelelo ezibanceda ngazo ziyakwazi ukuzivuma esidlangalaleni. Ngaloo ndlela igama lentsapho linokukhunjulwa.
I-Cons of Found Private
Iindleko kunye nokusetyenzwa okunzima. Iziseko zifuna imali eninzi kunye neenkonzo zamagosa kunye namaziko emali. Kuthatha ixesha elide ukuseka isiseko. Ezinye iingcali zithi umntu kufuneka abe ne-$ 1 yezigidi ukuseka isiseko xa abanye becebisa ubuncinane i-$ 10 yezigidi. Nangona kunjalo, uMthombo weSiseko, umbutho owanceda abathengi ukusekela iziseko zabucala, ukubiza ukuba umntu unokusekwa njengama-250,000.
Umkhabi ukuba nayiphi na isiseko sabucala kufuneka ufumane imali eyaneleyo yokugubungela iindleko zokusebenza (uqikelelwe kwii pesenti ezisibhozo ngonyaka) kwaye usenokukwazi ukuhlawula ixabiso elingama-5 e-asethi ngonyaka.
Ukulahlekelwa Kwangasese. Ukususela ekubeni iziseko ziyi-501 (c) (3) imibutho ejongene nenqanaba lokuxolelwa kwentlawulo, kufuneka ibe yimibutho kawonkewonke. Amaphepha malunga nesiseko afumaneka ngokubanzi kuluntu. Zonke izibonelelo ezichithwe zikarhulumente. Nabani na onokufumana lonke ulwazi malunga nesiseko ngeenkonzo ezifana ne-GuideStar.
Iingxabano malunga ne-Donor-Advised Funds
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kukho impikiswano enkulu malunga neengcebiso-mali ezicebisiweyo. Izibonelelo zisoloko zingazi indlela yokufikelela kubanikeli ngeemali, zibandakanye, kwaye zibachaphazele. Njengoko le mali ikhulile ngokucacileyo, izibonelelo zinoxhala malunga nokulahlekelwa isiseko sabo sabaxhasi abaye bakwazi ukuhlala besondele.
Ukongezelela koko, ekubeni iimali ezixhaswe ngabaxhasi azifunwa ukuba zihlawule nayiphi na ipesenti yezinto eziyimpahla ngonyaka, imali iyakwazi ukuqokelela unyaka wonke ngonyaka ngelixa ifumana inzala. Lezo mali "ezigciniweyo" azisebenzi ngenxa yezizathu ezinobuncedo nangona umnikezeli weengxowa-mali wayekwazi ukuthatyathwa kweerhafu ngokukhawuleza.
Enye inkcazo e-Atlantic echaza ingxabano yabagxeki beengxowa-mali ezicebisiweyo, yathi, "I-fund-advised fund ingachazwa ngokufanelekileyo njengegumbi lokulinda ngeminikelo yokunceda."
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umntu unokuthi iingxowa-mali ezicebisiweyo zivumela abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba baqale ngemali encinci yemali, bakhulise i-tax free and then give it to charity later, njengabalingani abahloniphekileyo. Abaxhamli be-donor-fund njenge-Fidelity no-Schwab bayabiza le "demokrasi yenkululeko." Abagxeki bathi izibonelelo ezicebisiweyo "ziphethe iitanki" zeedola ezizimeleyo.
Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo, malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 zeempahla ezigcinwe ngabaxhasi-abacebisiweyo imali zihlawulelwa ngonyaka. Akugunyaziwe, kodwa imibutho yokuxhaswa ibakhuthaza abaxhasi babo ukuba banikele ngokukhawuleza kungekudala.
Ekugqibeleni, ukhethe isiphi isithuthi esisetyenziselwa ukunikela ngeminikelo yokunceda, ixesha lokuhlawulelwa, kunye nokuba uninzi kangakanani ukutshala imali kwi-fund-advised fund okanye isiseko sifanele sibe ngumnikeli okanye intsapho ngamnye ngokubonisana nabacebisi ngezezimali kunye neengcali zokunika izibonelelo. .
Iingxowa-mali ezixhasiweyo ze-Donor-Advised
- INational Philanthropic Trust
- Ukunyaniseka
- ISwawab
- Vanguard
- I-Jewish Communal Fund
Iziseko zoLuntu lwasekuhlaleni . Urhulumente okanye isixeko sakho sinesiseko esisodwa okanye ngaphezulu sabantu abahlala besingatha imali ecebisiweyo. Khangela isiseko sakho sasekuhlaleni kwiBhunga kwiZiseko
Iingxelo:
- IBhunga kwiZiseko
- Ngaba iNgxowa-mali eNgcebiso-mali iyindlela engcono yokunikela? I-Atlantic Magazine, ngo- 2017
- Ukulinganisa iinqwelo ezihamba phambili kwi-Philanthropic Giving, i -New Times , ngo-2011
- Idatha kwiNgxowa-mali ekhokhelwa ngabaniki-mali: Iinkcukacha ezintsha ozoziwayo, Ukunika i-USA, 2018
Eli nqaku lenzelwe iinjongo zolwazi. Akujoliswe ukuba kube ngumcebisi wezomthetho. Hlola ezinye imithombo, njenge-IRS, kwaye ubonisane nomcebisi wezomthetho okanye umgcini-akhawunti.