E-US, sinokubulela abanye ababubele bokuqala ngenxa yamandla kunye nenani leziseko.
Ngokukodwa, abemi booshishino beminyaka yobudala abanjengoJohn D. Rockefeller noAndrew Carnegie banqumle, emva kokuba baqokelele iindleko ezinkulu, ukuba banike imali eninzi.
URockefeller wakha ngokukodwa iYunivesithi yaseChicago waza wasungula isiseko esiyiNtengo yeRockefeller. UCarnegie wakha iilayibrari kunye neemyuziyam kwaye wabeka i-fortune yakhe e-Carnegie Foundation.
Kamva, uFrederick Goff, i-banker yaseCleveland, wenza i-twist kwisiseko seklasi kwaye wasungula isiseko somphakathi.
Isiseko sinokuba nomoya osemthethweni xa kuqala okokuqala. Kodwa namhlanje, iziseko zithatha inxaxheba kubomi baseMelika kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abaxhasi babo babala phakathi kweentlanga eziziwayo.
Zininzi iintlobo zeziseko zikhula ngokubanzi kuluntu oluhlalisayo, ukudala ukunikela ngokuzinikela ngokubanzi. Nantsi ingcaciso emfutshane yeziseko njengoko sibafumana namhlanje.
Private Foundation
Isiseko esizimeleyo (ngezinye izihlandlo esibizwa ngokuba sisiseko esizimeleyo) yinhlangano engekho ngurhulumente, engenzi nzuzo ihlala ixhaswa ngemali evela kumnye umthombo, njengomntu, intsapho okanye iqumrhu.
Ikwasekwa ukuncedisa uluntu, imfundo, inkolo okanye enye imisebenzi yokunceda, ngokukodwa ngokunikezelwa kwemali.
Iziseko zaseburhulumenteni zase-US zihlawulwe irhafu phantsi kweCandelo 501 (c) (3) ye-Internal Revenue Code .
Iziseko ezizimeleyo ziququzelelwe njengenhlangano engenzi nzuzo okanye njengethemba lokuzithemba.
IziSeko eziPhezulu zokuSebenza kunye nokungasebenzi
Kukho iinqununu ezimbini zeziseko ezizimeleyo:
- Iziseko ezisemgangathweni ezisetyenziselwa ukusekela iinkqubo zabo ukufezekisa iinjongo zabo zokunceda. Basenokwenza ezinye izibonelelo kwenye imibutho. Isiseko sokusebenza sinokuba itanki lokucinga, i-museum okanye iqela lophando. Ezi ziseko zazingekho phantsi kweemfuno zokuhambisa, kodwa kufuneka zichithe ipesenti ethile yeengeniso zabo ngonyaka ngamnye ngeenjongo zabo zokunceda.
Omnye umzekelo wesiseko sokusebenza ngasese nguJ. Paul Getty Trust. Eyasungulwa nguJean Paul Getty kwi-fortune yeoli, i-Trust ithe yaqhuba iinkqubo zayo ukukhuthaza ukuqonda nokugcinwa kobugcisa obubonakalayo, ngakumbi eCalifornia. Imali ye-Trust I-J PaulGetty Museum, i-Institute of Research, i-Conservation Institute kunye ne-Getty Foundation. Iziko linye yeziseko ezinhlanu ezibutyebi kakhulu e-US.
Ukungasebenzi (kwaziwa nangokuthi isibonelelo-mali) iziseko zangasese zenza izibonelelo kwezinye iibutho zoncedo eziza kufezekisa ngokuthe ngqo iinjongo zesiseko. Ezi ziziseko esiziqhelana nazo kunye nabanikezelayo ukuthumela izicelo zabo zezibonelelo. Iziseko zokwenza izibonelelo kufuneka zisasaze ipesenteji ezithile zexabiso labo zonyaka ngamnye eminye imibutho.
Mhlawumbi owaziwa kakhulu kulolu hlobo, kunye nesiseko esikhulu kunazo zonke e-US, nguBill kunye noMelinda Gates Foundation. Eyilwe yi-Bill Gates evela kwi-Microsoft yakhe yexabiso, i-Gates Foundation igxile ekwenzeni izibonelelo kwimpilo kunye nentlupheko kwilizwe eliphuhlisayo
Foundation Foundation
Isiseko senkampani sisiseko esizimeleyo esithatha imali yokwenza imali ngokususela kwiminikelo yoshishino lokuqhuba inzuzo.
Isiseko esixhaswe yinkampani sihlala sisondeza ubudlelwane obusondeleyo neenkampani ezixhasayo. Kodwa yinkqubo ehlukeneyo, yomthetho, ngamanye amaxesha kunye nesabelo sayo, kwaye iyaxhomekeka kwimimiselo efanayo kunye nemimiselo njengoko ezinye iziseko ezizimeleyo.
Imizekelo yeziseko ezinkulu, ezaziwa ngokubanzi ziquka iWalmart Foundation kunye neForgan Motor Company Fund.
NgokweSiseko seSiseko, kunamaziko angaphezu kwama-2,600 e-United States kunye nokunikezelwa kwama-value okwi-5.5 billion ngonyaka (2013).
SeSapho Foundation
IBhunga kwiZiseko lichaza isiseko seentsapho njengomntu ovela kwimali yentsapho enye. Ubuncinane ilungu lentsapho kufuneka liqhubeke likhonza njengegosa okanye ilungu lebhunga lesiseko kunye njengomniki-mali.
Ilungu lentsapho lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni isiseko kulo lonke ubomi. Uninzi lwentsapho liseko lusetyenziswa ngamalungu omndeni asebenza njengama-trustee okanye abaqondisi ngokuzithandela, bengayifumana imbuyekezo. Ezinye iziseko zeentsapho ezinkulu ziqesha ii-CEO ukuba ziqhube isiseko kwaye ziqeshe abasebenzi abaninzi.
Iziseko zentsapho zizo zonke ubukhulu. Ezinye zikhulu kwaye zisebenze kwizinga lamazwe ngamazwe, njengeBill kunye noMelinda Gates Foundation ngenkqu ezinye ezinye iziseko ezincinci zihlala zijolise kumba omnye okanye kwindawo ethile.
Izibonelelo zoLuntu kunye neziseko zasekuhlaleni
Uthando lukawonkewonke luphakamisa imali ebantwini (ngabanye, iinkampani kunye nezinye iziseko) ukubonelela ngemalikelo . I-IRS ayiboni ukuba ezi ziziseko ezizimeleyo ukususela kwisiseko sabo sokuxhaswa ngokuqhelekileyo esekelwe ngokubanzi kunokuba zisuka kwintsapho okanye kwinkampani.
Uthando loluntu oluqhelekileyo yi-United Way, ephakamisa imali ebantwini ize ihlawule imali engenzi-nzuzo. IiNdlela zeZizwe eziManyeneyo zixhasa inkxaso kwiindawo zabo.
Isiseko soluntu siqulunqwe ngokusisiseko ngemali engasigxina eyenziwe ngabanikeli abaninzi abahlukeneyo ukuze kuxhamle ixesha elide labahlali beendawo ezichaziweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isiseko soluntu sikhonza indawo engabinamandla kunokuba i-state.
Iziseko ezisemphakathini zibonelela ngeenkonzo kubanikeli abanqwenela ukuseka iimali ezinikezelweyo (ezibizwa ngokuba yimali echazwe ngabanikeli ) ngaphandle kokufaka iindleko zokuphatha nezomthetho zokuqala iziseko ezizimeleyo.
NgokweBhunga kwiZiseko, kukho iziseko zoluntu ezingaphezu kwe-750 e-United States namhlanje. IBhunga ligcina uhlaziyo olusisitshekiselweyo lweziseko zomphakathi.
Eminye imizekelo yeziseko zomphakathi ziquka i-Cleveland Foundation ne-New York Community Trust.
Iziseko ezihlanu eziphezulu, ngokwezinto eziyimpahla yonke, yiBill kunye neMelinda Gates Foundation, iF Ford Foundation, uJaul Paul Getty Trust, uRobert Wood Johnson Foundation, kunye neWK Kellogg Foundation. (Izinto eziphambili kwiziseko zase-US, u-2013 Edition)