Uqwalaselo lokwakhelwa kweNqaba eNqabayo yePisa

INqaba iNqaba yePisa, ngelixa engekho enye yeeNkqantosi ezisixhenxe zeLizwe laMandulo, liyenze kwezinye iindidi "Iimpawu zehlabathi" zivela kwezinye iindawo. Ngokomlando, idizayilo ifana neyoyilo leNqaba yeBabel. I-Tower yasePisa iphakamileyo ngamamitha angama-55 kunye namanqanaba angama-284 kwaye intsimbi yeentsimbi ineentsimbi ezisixhenxe ezijoliswe kumlinganiselo womculo nokubala.

Isakhiwo sokwakha

Yonke yaqala ngo-1173.

Amanqanaba amabini okuqala eNqaba yePisa ayengaxhomekanga kodwa isakhiwo saqala ukunyuka xa kwakhiwa isakhiwo sesithathu ukuya ngaphaya kwe-1178. Izisombululo ezahlukeneyo zazanywa emva kokuba umyili wezakhiwo ebonwa yi-1185, echaza ukuba umhlaba kwisayithi ekhethiweyo ayinakulinganisela ukuxhasa isakhiwo esikhulu.

Ukwakhiwa kweNqaba yePisa yayeka malunga nekhulu leminyaka ngenxa yeemfazwe zasePisa kunye nesixeko esikufutshane saseFlorence. Umsebenzi waqala kwakhona ngo-1272 kunye neepane ezine zakhiwe kwinqanaba elidlulileyo kumanqanaba angaphambilini, kodwa iNqaba eNqabayo yePisa yaqala ukuxhomekeka kwicala elide. Ngowe-1284 ukwakhiwa kwalinda kwakhona ngenxa yokuba iPisa yahlulwa nguGenoa kwenye imfazwe. Ngowe-1370 inqaba, amabali anesibhozo kunye namanqanaba angama-200 aphakamileyo, yagqitywa ngokusemthethweni.

Ingxaki

Iingcali ziye zahlulwa ngenxa yokuba iyancika ngenxa yeengxaki eziphantsi komhlaba okanye ngokwenene umphumo owenziwe ngabaqulunqi.

Nangona kunjalo, iimvavanyo ngexesha le-20 leminyaka ziye zafakazela ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuthambekela kwaqala emva kokwakhiwa. Ukufundwa kwendawo engaphantsi kwembonakaliso lwezinto ezidityanisiweyo zobumba ezihlamba ngamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba.

Isiseko seNqaba yePisa yafakwa ngo-1173, eyakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngeemarble kunye ne-lime; Inqaba yakhiwa kwidonga lesetyhula, malunga neeklanu ezintlanu ezinzulwini, phezu komhlaba onobumba, isanti esihle kunye neeblokhwe.

Isizathu sokuncika ngenxa yempendulo yombumba, isanti entle, kunye neebhokhwe ezakhiweyo. Umxube womhlaba ulungelelanisa ngakumbi kwicala elingasentla, kodwa ngaphezu kweminyaka njengoko ukunyuka kwenyuka, iNqaba yePisa yayeka ukucima kwaye yaqala ukujikeleza, eyenza uhlangothi olungasenyakatho lukhuphukele phezulu.

Isixazululo

Isakhiwo se-Tower of Pisa sasixhomekeke kwimingcipheko emibini engundoqo: ukungaphumeleli kwesakhiwo sobutyebi obuthathaka kunye nokuwa ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwe-subsoil malunga neziseko. Isisombululo esandula kutshanje esabandakanywa ngokufaka i-counterweight malunga neetoni ezingama-660 kumntla osenyakatho kwinqanaba lombhobho ukwenzela ukuyeka ukujikeleza. Ahlulekile. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1995, ukuqhwala kweentambo ze-steel kunye nokuqhwala kwe-subsoil kwazama, kodwa oku kwabangela ukuba iyancika.

Kamva, izazinzulu kunye neenjineli zifumanisa ukuba ukukhutshwa komhlaba kwakuyintloko yokwenza ulungelelaniso oluya kwiimeko ezizinzile. Umhlaba wawususwa kwiindawo ezimbini zomhlaba: uluhlu oluphezulu lomhlaba kunye neyesibini zodongwe olwandle. Iingcamango kukuba ngelixa umhlaba usususwe, ukunyanzeliswa komhlaba kuya kuphakama kwaye udongwe luya kudibanisa, lunike isiseko esinamandla.

Iibhontshi zathatha umhlaba ngaphakathi kwiphonsa ngaphandle kokusebenza kwezinye izinto okanye ngaphandle kwayo. Umgxobhozo uvale ngokukhawuleza xa umbhobho uhlaziywa kwaye umhlaba uhlala, udala umkhwa okhupha intonga njengoko uhamba kancane ukuya ngasentla.

Ngokusebenzisa le ndlela, iinjineli ziye zanciphisa ubuyisele kwimpembelelo ngamasentimitha angama-20, ubuyele apho bekuyi-1838. Iphezulu le nqonga ngoku idibanisa ngaphezu kweenyawo ezili-13 ukusuka kwisikhululo.

Isifundo sifunde

Ukunyathela kweyona nto inqununu kwaye ibalulekileyo yiphina isakhiwo - sinokuqinisekisa ukuba impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli ngokupheleleyo kwiprojekthi. Nangona ingxaki yokuguqula ixazululwa, yinkinga enokuchaphazela iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo. Nazi ezinye iingcebiso zokujongana nenhlabathi epholileyo:

1. Xa ukwakhiwa kwihlabathi elithambileyo, kunokuba kuyimfuneko ukucima phantsi ngaphaya kwebala elithambileyo kwaye ubeke unyawo olunzulu.

1. Misela umhlaba othabathayo ngomhlaba owaneleyo oza kuvelisa amandla okuthwala okuchazwe kwindlela yokuyila.
2. Yakha unyawo olukhulu kwaye ulomeleze ngentsimbi eyongezelelweyo (kwizandla ezisezantsi).
3. Sebenzisa ukutshatyalaliswa okanye ukuphela komthwalo onobumba xa uhlobo lomhlaba olungezansi lufanelekileyo.
4. Umkhukula umhlaba emva kokuba i-trenches iguqulwe ize idibanise ngokupheleleyo. Lo mkhuba oqhelekileyo uphucula ubumbano kunye nokwenza umhlaba uzinze ngakumbi ukwakhiwa.
5. Faka i-slurry yomhlaba. Le nkqubo idinga izixhobo ezine eziphambili zezixhobo: i-drill rig ukuqhubela phambili ukukhawuleza ukuyila ubunzulu; isityalo okanye itanki ukuxuba i-sement slurry; umpompo wokutshiza i-slurry kwi-drill rig, kunye ne-tooling ekhethekileyo yokudibanisa i-sement slurry kunye nomhlaba kwindawo.
6. Sebenzisa i-geogrids ukubonelela ngempumelelo ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo olungaphantsi kwezithuthi.

Iprojekthi nganye iyingqayizivele kwaye iya kufuna ukudibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeka kohlobo lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo, uhlobo lwesakhiwo kunye nemimiselo ethile yomhlaba kwimeko nganye. Gcina ukhumbule ukuba imimiselo kunye neempawu ezifunekayo kufuneka zidibene kuyo yonke imeko.