Ukuthintelwa koRhwebo yiNgxaki kwiimvumelwano ezingabikho kukhuphiswano
Icala lokuqala eliye lazisa umgaqo wokubambisana kwezorhwebo kwaba ngama-1890 e-England. Umenzi webhamu, uTrsten Nordenfelt uthengise ishishini lakhe, kwaye amaqela amabini avumile ukuba umthengisi 'akayi kwenza izibhamu okanye iibhamu emhlabeni naphina, kwaye akayi kukhwela noMaxim ngandlela-thile iminyaka engama-25.' Icala lavezwa yiNdlu yeeNkosi, ezathi:
- Umbonelelo owenqabela i-Nordenfelt ekwenzeni izibhamu okanye iinqwelo zifanelekileyo.
- Ukubonelela ukuncintisana nokhuphiswano 'nangayiphi na indlela' kwakungqongqo olungabonakaliyo lwezorhwebo kwaye ngoko kungavumelekanga.
Ukuthintelwa kwezorhwebo kumisa njengomgaqo-jikelele wokuba uvimba-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho awunalutho kumthetho oqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba bekhusela umdla ofanelekileyo kwaye unengqiqo.
Isiseko somthetho sokuthintelwa kweeNkundla zoTywala
Umthetho we-Sherman Antitrust wama-1890 uquka icandelo lokunqanda urhwebo, okuthi, inxalenye. ukuba "Zonke iikhontrakthi, ukudibanisa ngendlela yokwethemba okanye ngenye indlela, okanye inceba, ekuthinteleni urhwebo okanye urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe amaninzi, okanye ngezinye iintlanga, kubhengezwa ukuba akukho mthethweni."
Umntu okanye ishishini eliva ngelungelo lakhe lokuthengisa liye laphulwa lingathatha inkundla yakhe enkundleni. Ukuthintelwa kwezorhwebo kungaphinda kuphule imimiselo karhulumente.
Ukuthintelwa kweZiko loRhwebi kunye neziNcediso
Ukuthintelwa kwezorhwebo kuyimbambano kwizivumelwano ezingabikho komqhudelwano, apho umqeshi okanye umnini-shishini uyamkela isivumelwano (ngamanye amaxesha ngenjongo yokuhlawulela) ukuba angabambisani nomqeshi wangaphambili okanye umnini-mveliso omtsha kwindawo ethile kwindawo ethile.
Izivumelwano ezingabambisani neentambo azivumelwanga ngokungekho mthethweni, ngoxa nje zifanelekileyo kwaye aziphambanisi ilungelo lomntu ukuba enze ishishini. Ukuba inkundla ibona ukungabikho komncintiswano njengengenangqiqo, ngokuqhelekileyo isekelwe kwimigaqo yokuba iyimimiselo yokurhweba.
Ukuze ukhangele ukuba ngaba isivumelwano sibonisa ukuthintela urhwebo, inkundla iya kubheka izinto ezintathu:
- Ubude bexesha. Kwimeko apha ngasentla, umzekelo, iminyaka engama-25 ubude obungenangqiqo bokuba kulungelwe ukwenza ishishini.
- Indawo yendawo. Kwakhona, indawo "naphi na ehlabathini" ayinangqiqo. Kwaye,
- Ubume bomsebenzi. Ubanzi ububanzi bomsebenzi (ukwenza izibhamu okanye iinhlamvu, umzekelo), ezingenangqiqo.
Izivumelwano ezingabikho komncintiswano zidlalwa kwiimeko ezininzi:
- I- kontrakta enomdla okanye umqeshwa ucelwa ukuba asayine isivumelwano esingagunyazisiyo emsebenzini. Ukungabikho komncintiswano kunokuza kudlala ngexesha lokuqeshwa okanye emva koko. Ukuba umqeshi uvakalelwa ukuba ikontraka okanye umqeshwa uye waphula isivumelwano sokungabikho kukhuphiswano, inkundla ingayifumana.
- Ibhizinisi lithengiswa kwaye, njengenxalenye yemimiselo yentengiso, umthengisi uyavuma ukuba angabhikisani neshishini elitsha.
Ngokomzekelo, ilungiselelo lekhontrakthi yengqesho evimbela umntu owayengumqeshwa ekusekeni ishishini elikhuphisanayo kwiminyaka emi-5 ngaphakathi kwimizila engama-100-mile yomqeshi wangaphambili mhlawumbi ingabonakali ngenxa yokuba kubangelwa ukurhweba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba indawo engqongileyo yayincinci kwaye ixesha lifutshane, ukubonelelwa kwekhontrakthi kungagcinwa. Akunakwenzeka ukuxela kwangaphambili indlela inkundla inokulawula ngayo ngokuthintelwa kwimeko yorhwebo; Icala ngalinye lihlukile kwaye lihlukile.
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, ubukho be-non-competitive abukho mthethweni. Xa kuvela kule mvumelwano, iimeko "zengqiqo" ukukhusela umqeshi wangaphambili, kulo mzekelo, ekubeni umqeshwa ahambe kuloo nkampani aze aqale ukuncintisana nomqeshwa wakhe wangaphambili, ngokubhekiselele kumalungelo omntu ukuba enze umrhweba okanye u msebenzi.
Izivumelwano ezingabambisani nokhuphiswano kunye neZithintelo zoRhwebo eMelika
Amazwe ase-United States ahlukene ngokubanzi kunyango lwabo lweenkontileka ezibandakanya izivumelwano ezingabikho kukhuphiswano. Kwesinye isigxina sezenzo zamanyathelo, iCalifornia ayivumeli izivumelwano ezingabikho kukhuphiswano kwiikontraka, kwaye nakwezinye iindawo, amaninzi awanalo mithetho ethile yomthetho okanye izithintelo ezisemthethweni kwizivumelwano ezingabikho kukhuphiswano.