I-EPZ zicwangciso zophuhliso loqoqosho.
Intshayelelo
Uninzi lweentlanga eziphuhlisayo zizama ukuguqula ezoqoqosho ngokuzibandakanya kwiinkqubo zokubonelela ngehlabathi jikelele. Oku kuthetha ukufuduka kude noqoqosho oluphambili lwangaphandle ukuya kwelinye ngokusekelwe kumazwe angaphandle. Amazwe ase-Asiya, e-Afrika kunye neLatin America adala iinkqubo zokuphuhliswa kwamanye amazwe ezikhuthaza ukutshala imali kwiinkampani ezininzi.
Esinye isixhobo esisetyenziselwa iintlanga ezininzi yiiZiko lokuPhathwa kweeNgaphandle (EPZ).
Ezi ziindawo ezikhethiweyo kwilizwe ezenzelwe ukwenza oku kulandelayo:
- Ukutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle ukwenza imisebenzi
- Ukwandisa isiseko soshishino
- Yenza iteknoloji
- Yakha ubudlelwane obusemva phakathi kweendawo kunye noqoqosho lwasekhaya
I-EPZ iya kuba nobutyebi obunokutsala utyalo-mali njengemithombo yendalo, abasebenzi abanezakhono ezincinci, okanye iinzuzo ezifanelekileyo.
Iintlanga nazo zingakhuthaza utyalo-mali kwi-EPZ ngokunikezela ilayisenisi okanye iimvume zokuvakasha, iimimiselo ezincinci zetekisi, iinzuzo zentela ezingenamsebenzi, njengeholide yeholide yonyaka elineshumi, kunye nokuphuhlisa izibonelelo kumfuno-zimali.
Imbali yoMmandla woPhuhliso lweeNgaphandle
Ingcamango ye-EPZ inokuvela kwimimandla yokurhweba yamahhala esekelwe kwiichweba ezinkulu ezifana neHong Kong, iGibraltar, naseSingapore ngekhulu le-19. Ezinye zeendawo zokuqala zorhwebo zamahhala zivumelekile ukungenisa ngaphandle nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngaphandle kwimiqathango yesiko ukwenzela ukuba iimpahla zithunyelwe ngokukhawuleza.
I-EPZ isetyenziswe ngamazwe athuthukayo ukususela kuma-1930 ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali lwangaphandle. Indlela ebizwa ngokuthi yi-EPZ ngamanye amazwe, ngelixa ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Free Trade Zone (i-FTZ), iNgingqi yezoQoqosho ekhethekileyo (SEZ) kunye ne-maquiladora, enjengeMexico.
Ezinye ze-EPZ zokuqala zafunyanwa eLatin America, ngelixa e-US, indawo yokuqala yokuhweba yamahhala yenziwa ngo-1934.
Ukususela kuma-1970, iintlanga ezikhulayo zibone i-EPZ njengendlela yokukhuthaza ubutyebi babo ngokukhuthaza utyalo-mali kwilizwe eliphuhlisiweyo.
Ngo-2006, amazwe angama-130 ayenze ngaphezu kwama-3500 EPZ kwimida yabo, ngokuqikelela ukuba abasebenzi basezigidi ezingama-66 baqeshwe kwii-EPZ. Ezinye ze-EPZ ziindawo eziqhelekileyo zesektri, kanti ezinye, njengezityalo ezikhethekileyo zaseChina, zikhulu kangangokuba zinabantu abemi.
Izinzuzo zoMmandla wokuPhathwa kweeNgaphandle
Ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-130 anika ii-EPZ kwimida yabo, inzuzo yokudala i-EPZ ibonakala icace kakhulu kumazwe asakhulayo.
Izibonelelo ezicacileyo ziquka:
- Ukwanda kwishishini langaphandle ngokunyuka kwamazwe angaphandle
- Ukudala uYobhi
- Utyalo-mali oluchanekileyo lwangaphandle (i-FDI) kwilizwe eliphambili
- Ukuqaliswa kwetheknoloji ezweni
- Kwaye kudala ukudibanisa ngasemva kwi-EPZ ukuya kuqoqosho lwasekhaya
Iingeniso ezipheleleyo kwilizwe elibambileyo azibonakali ngokucacileyo njengoko kukho iindleko zokuqala zokuphuhlisa izakhiwo ze-EPZ, kunye neenkuthazo zerhafu ezinikezelwa kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle.
Apho uphando luye lwaqhutywa kwi-EPZ kulo lonke ihlabathi, ezinye iintlanga zibonakala zizuze ngokubaluleka kwe-EPZ njengeChina, yaseMzantsi Korea ne-Indonesia.
Nangona kukhankanywa ukuba abanye abazange benze ngokufanelekileyo, njengePhilippines, apho iindleko eziphezulu zeziseko ziye zazinceda.
Ucwaningo luye lwagqiba ukuba amazwe anesithsaba sabasebenzi abancinci angasebenzisa i-EPZ ukwandisa umsebenzi kunye nokuvelisa utyalo-mali lwangaphandle.
Iingxaki zeNdawo yokuPhathwa kweeNgaphandle
Amaqela afana ne-International Labor Rights Forum (i-ILRF) sele ifumene ukuba kwezinye iimeko eziphuhlisayo, uninzi lwabasebenzi base-EPZ liyabhinqa kwaye luquka ubuninzi bepesenti ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye.
Abaninzi bezomnotho baye bagqiba ukuba umsebenzi kwi-EPZ uthetha umvuzo ophantsi, umgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza, izimo zokusebenza ezingaphephile kunye nokuncitshiswa kwamalungelo abasebenzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba umvuzo kwi-EPZ uphezulu kunezo ezikhoyo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni kweli lizwe, ngokukodwa kubasetyhini, akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba umvuzo kwi-EPZ uphezulu kunezo zomsebenzi ofanayo ngaphandle kwe-EPZ.
Iintsapho ezininzi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni zixhomekeke kwimirhumo ebuyiselwe ngabasebenzi besifazane ngaphakathi kwe-EPZ.
Oorhulumente abaninzi abaye badala i-EPZ baye benza izinto ezinxamnye nemisebenzi yokunyakaza kwemisebenzi ngaphakathi kwe-EPZ. Imimiselo eyahlukileyo kwimimiselo yabasebenzi oorhulumente abaye bayithatha ibandakanya ukuvinjelwa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokukhawuleza kwimisebenzi yamanyano yabasebenzi, ukukhawulwa kwemida yokubambisana, kunye nokuvinjelwa abaququzeleli bamanyano.
Ininzi nje yakutshanje eBangladesh, umgaqo-nkqubo wokurhoxisa imibutho yamashishini karhulumente sele wanciphisa emva kokuwa kwesakhiwo esabulala abasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-1100.
Izimo zokusebenza ezingaphephile ziyinto engafanelekanga edlalwa kunye ne-EPZ. Abasebenzi kulindeleke ukuba basebenze iiyure ezinde kwiimeko ezinobungozi, kuquka ukuvakala kwengxolo kunye nokushisa, izinto zokusebenza ezingaphephile kunye nezakhiwo ezingenakunyulwa. Ngaphandle kokufikelela kumanyano omanyano, kukho ncinane eyenziwe ukutshintsha imeko kwiirhasi ezithile.
Njengoko i-EPZ eninzi kwaye iyenziwa, kukho inkuthazo yokugcina iindleko ezincinci kunokwenzeka ukuba zikhuphisane namanye amazwe aphuhlisayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi bayaqhubeka behlupheka ngenxa yezimo zokusebenza ezingaphephile.
Ukuhlaziywa nguGary Marion, uLawulo lweZibonelelo kunye neZibonelelo zeNgcaciso kwi-Balance.