I-Aristotle 3 Iingxenye zeRhetoric kunye neNdidi zeMibambano

Isixhobo Esikhulu Kubudlelwane BoLuntu

Abezopolitiko kunye nabasemagunyeni baye babona imisebenzi yabo isaphazamisa kwaye ishisa ngokuthetha into engafanelekanga ngexesha elibi okanye ngokuzama ukuthetha into efanelekileyo kodwa ukhetha amagama angalunganga. Ngokungafani nezo mpazamo zingonakalisa imisebenzi, amagama angakwenzela ukuba umntu angaziwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. UBarack Obama wayengummeli wesigqeba esaziwayo ngaphambi kokuba anikeze intetho engakhohlwayo kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-Democratic Republic ka-2004.

Iminyaka emine kamva, wakhethwa ngumongameli.

I-rhetoric inikezela ngamanani oluntu izixhobo zokuphepha iimpazamo nokuphumelela kwenkundla. U-Aristotle, uPlato, kunye nabanye abaGrifi abacinga kakhulu ngabafundi abaziwayo kakhulu. Iimbono ezichazwe ngabaphathi bamandulo ziziseko zebhokisi yonxibelelwano kubalo bonxibelelwano loluntu noluntu kunye nobudlelwane bobudlelwane boluntu kufuneka bazise nawuphi na umsebenzi, nokuba uyashumayela i-tour yeencwadi okanye uqhuba umsebenzi wokushicilela umkhankaso we-White House.

U-Aristotle waququzelela ubugcisa bokuxela kwiindawo ezintathu:

• I-Etho yindlela umgca wakho njengesithethi okanye umbhali uchaphazela ngayo abaphulaphuli. Ngokomzekelo, uya kuba nosebenza ngokugqithiseleyo ukukhuthaza abaphulaphuli bakho ukuba batshintshe kwizikhwama zokuthenga ezithengiswayo kunye nokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukusebenzisa kwazo iiplastiki ukuba unako ukuseka ubuchule bakho kwisihloko. Ukuba u-biologist ophonononga impembelelo yeplastiki elahliwe kwizilwanyana zasendle, oku kuya kunceda ukubeka ukuthembeka kubantu abaphulaphuli. Kananjalo ungakwazi ukuxubusha kwinqanaba lemihla ngemihla ngokwenza izibonelo zakho zokutshintshwa kwezikhwama eziphinda zihlaziywe zichaphazele imithwalo yakho yokuthenga.

• I-Pathos yindlela imvakalelo edlala ngayo indima kwiintetho nangengxabano. Ukulandela umzekelo ofanayo, unokuqala intetho yakho ngokubonisa abaphulaphuli bakho umphumo weengxowa zeplastiki ezilahlayo zasendle. Imifanekiso kunye nenkcazo yezilwanyana ezinkulu emva kokuba zidle iigoksi okanye izilwanyana ezincinci ezibanjwe okanye ezithintekayo kuzo zingabachaphazela abaphulaphuli bakho kwaye mhlawumbi zibakhuthaze ukuba zitshintshe imikhwa yazo.

• I-Logos yindlela oyilungiselela ngayo ingxabano kunye nokusetyenziswa kweengcamango. Cinga ngolu hlobo olwazisa ngalo ulwazi kwimimiselo engentla. Okokuqala, bonise abaphulaphuli bakho ukuba kutheni ungobuchwepheshe ngesihloko. Emva koko, bhenela iimvakalelo zabo uze uqiniseke ukuba kukho ingxaki. Ekugqibeleni, bonise ukuba kukho isisombululo esicwangcisekileyo kunye nokuba ingaba njani inxalenye yaso.

Wachaza ezintathu iintlobo zeengxoxo :

• Ixesha elidlulileyo, okanye u-forensic, lijongene nokuqulunqwa kweenkcukacha kunye nokunikezela inetyala okanye ukungabi namacala. Kwimixholo yengxoxo yezopolitiko, oku kungabandakanya umviwa ovela kwelinye iqela lezopolitiko eliphikisanayo lokuba, ngokomzekelo, uqoqosho olubi luyiphutha lemigaqo ebekwe ngaphambili kwiqela lakhe lezopolitiko.

• Oku kuthethwa ngokubaluleka, ukuncoma kunye nokusola, kunye nokuchanekileyo. Le ndlela ingabandakanya umviwa ovela kumzekelo ongentla ophikisana naye ukuba ungumntu ofanelekileyo wokulungiswa koqoqosho kuba nguye ochaphazelekayo ngokubaluleka kwezinto zakhe. Kwakhona unokumangalela umchasi wakhe wokuxhalabisa kakhulu ngaphandle kweempembelelo zangaphandle, ezifana ne-lobbyists, kunokuba ngabafundi bakhe.

• Ixesha elizayo liyilo ngobomi kwaye lijolise ekwenzeni izigqibo malunga noko ukwenza esikhathini esizayo. Apha, umviwa ubeka isisombululo sakhe. Uyazicwangcisa icebo lakhe kwaye uchaze ukuba kutheni le nto ingcono kakhulu yokuphucula uqoqosho.