Imbali yePhepha yokuThengisa iPhepha
Ukuqala kwephepha eliphambili lokuphindaphinda iphepha likholelwa ukuba liya kwenzeka ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I e-US Kwimfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, iphepha lokubuyiswa kwakhona kwephepha kwakhona lafumana ukukhuliswa okukhulu okubangelwa yimfuno yezixhobo.
Ngethuba lexesha, iphepha lokubuyisela iphepha liye landa ngokunyuka kwaye ngokutsho kwemithombo, malunga neepesenti ezingama-75 zephepha kunye neebhodi zamaphepha e-United States zisebenzisa iphepha elifunyenweyo ekuveliseni iphepha elitsha. Ingxelo enye ibonisa ukuba ama-40 ekhulwini amatyewa athembele kuphela kwiphepha elenziwe ngokutsha.
Iphepha le-Recycling and Non-recyclable
Phantse zonke iindidi zamaphepha ziyaphinda ziphinde zenzeke . Izinto zePhepha ezingavumelekanga kwiibhagi zokuqokelela ziquka iipopu ze-brown kunye nezobugcisa, iphepha lekhabhoni, iipilisi zamaphepha, ama-tissu, i-candy wrappers, iikhofu zekhofi kunye neebhokisi ze-pizza. Ezinye zezinto eziqhelekileyo ezifundwayo ezikwiphepha ziquka amakhadibhodi , i-newsprint kunye namaphephancwadi, iincwadi kunye neencwadana, kunye namaphepha e-ofisi afakelweyo.
Inkqubo yokuThengiswa kwePhepha
Inkqubo yokubuyisela iphepha iquka amanyathelo amaninzi, kubandakanya ukuqokelela, ukuthutha, ukuhlunga, ukusetyenziswa kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo zokusetyenziswa kwaye ekugqibeleni usebenzisa loo nto yokuvelisa ukuvelisa iimveliso zephepha elitsha:
Ukuqokelela: Amaphepha enkunkuma aqokelelwa kwiibhokhwe zokuqokelela kwaye afakwa kwisitya esikhulu sokubuyisela kunye nephepha eliqokelelwe kwezinye iibhokhwe zokuqokelela. Ngoko, zonke iintlobo zephepha ziya kwisitya esinye esikhulu.
Izothutho: Zonke iifayili ezifunyenweyo okanye eziqokelelwayo zize zithunyelwe kwi-paper recycling plant kwiqoqo yokuqokelela okanye iloli.
Uhlobo: Emva kokuthunyelwa kwizityalo zokuphinda zenziwe kwakhona, amaphepha ahlelwe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zephepha ezifana nekhadibhodi, amaphephandaba, i-newsprint, iphepha lamaphephancwadi, iphepha lekhompyutheni njl. Njengoko iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaphepha ziphathwa ngokwahlukileyo kwiinkalo ezilandelayo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso zephepha eziphindiweyo.
Ukucwangcisa iPhepha kwiNqaku eliSebenzayo elinokusetyenziswa: Le yona nqanaba eliphambili kwinkqubo yokubuyisela iphepha. Kukho imisebenzi emininzi kwisigaba sokusebenza esibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
Ukwenza i-Pulp okanye i-Slurry: Ukukhupha kubandakanya amanzi kunye neekhemikhali. Ukuze ulandele iphepha, oomatshini baqale bawususe phambi kwamanzi kunye neekhemikhali. Emva koko umxube uvutha ukuphula iphepha ngokukhawuleza ukuya kumaphepha ephepha. Ekugqibeleni, imixube iya kuba ngumxube we-mushy, owaziwa njenge-slurry okanye i-pulp.
Ukucoca nokuCoca: Ukususa ucoceko kusuka i-pulp, i-pulp iyaphoqelelwa ngokusebenzisa izikrini kunye nemingxube yobungakanani obuhlukeneyo kunye nemilo ukususa ukungcola okunjenge-globs of glue kunye neebhitki zeplastiki. Ukuba i-pulp iqulethe nayiphi na into engcolileyo njenge-staples, i-pulp inokuthi idibanwe kwii-cylinders ezinkulu. Iisilinda ziphonsa i-contamine enzima ngaphakathi kwidonki isebenzisa i-centripetal force ngoxa ukucoceka okulula kuya kwiziko lekhonkco kwaye kususwa.
I-in-inking: Emva kokucoca kunye nokucoca kuvela kwi-ink ink, equka ukukhipha iin kwiifayili zamaphepha e-pulp ngelixa izinto eziphathekayo ezibizwa ngokuba yi "stickies" ezinjengamathelethi kunye nendawo yokugcina iglue ziyahlukana. I-in-inking ifezekiswe ngokudibanisa kwezenzo zamashishini (ukutshitshiswa kunye nokudibaniswa kweekhemikhali). Amagqabantshintshi okukhanya kunye neenkinki amancinci asetyenziswa ngamanzi ngelixa iincinci ezinzima kunye nezikhulu zikhutshwa zisetyenziselwa ukuqhuma umoya.
Ukucocwa, Umbala wokuThola kunye nokuBlekeza: Kwinqanaba lokucoca, i-pulp iyabetha ukwenzela ukuba iifayili zephepha zivule. Ukubetha i-pulp ikwahlula kwakhona iifayili nganye ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kwephepha elitsha kwiifayili ezahlukileyo. Xa umbala ufunwa, umbala wokubamba iikhemikhali zongezwa kwiifayili ukulahla idayi kwiphepha.
Kule nkqubo, kufumaneka amaphepha omdaka. Xa umgomo kukuvelisa iphepha elimhlophe elibuyiswe kwakhona, i-pulp iyahlanjululwa nge-oksijeni, i-chlorine dioxide, okanye i-hydrogen peroxide ukwenzela ukuba ibenze icace okanye imhlophe.
Ipapermaking entsha: Kwinqanaba lokugqibela leprogram yokubuyisela iphepha, i-pulp paper ecocekileyo isele isetyenziswe ekuveleni iphepha elitsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-pulp ihlanganiswe neefayili zokhuni ezintle ukuba zinike iphepha elitsha ngokunyaniseka kunye namandla. Iifayili zamaphepha asetshenziswe kwakhona zingasetyenziselwa yodwa, nangona kunjalo.
Kule nqanaba, iphepha lepilp lixutywe kunye namachiza kunye namanzi ashushu. Ipesenteji yamanzi ashushu kumxube mkhulu kakhulu kunamaphepha ephepha kunye neekhemikhali. Emva koko, umxube unxiwa kwibhokisi yekhanda yomshini wepermermaking kwaye uchithelwa kwi-jet eqhubekayo kwisikrini esikhulu sensimbi esichukumisayo esichukumisa ngokukhawuleza kumatshini. Njengoko amanzi avela kumxube aqala ukukhupha, amafayili aphindaphindiweyo aqala ukudibanisa kunye nokwenza ifayile yamanzi. Emva koko, eli phepha lihamba ngokukhawuleza kwinqaku le-press-rollers elinezixhobo ezichukumisayo ezicima amanzi amaninzi ukusuka kwiphepta yamaphepha kwaye iphuma njengamaphepha asanda kwenziwa.
Amashishini okuShishino lokuThengisa iPhulo
I-American Forest & Paper Association (AF & PA) I- AF ne-PA iyinkampani kazwelonke yezorhwebo yezoshishino zemveliso yehlathi, emele zonke iinkampani ezivelisa iimveliso kwilizwe kwaye zikhuthaza iimveliso zehlathi zase-US ezizinzileyo kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Amalungu e-AF & PA akhiqiza malunga neepesenti ezingama-75 zeemveliso zephasi e-US
I-Independent Waste Paper Processors Association (IWPPA) Eyilwe ngowe-1975, i-IWPPA ibumbano lorhweba lweenkampani kwi-paper product product e-UK. Umbutho unamaqela angama-80 amalungu kunye nokubuyiswa kweminyaka engama-£ 2 billion. Amalungu ombutho akhiqiza ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 zeetoni zokuphindaphinda.
I-CPI ye-Confederation of Paper Industries (CPI) yinye inhlangano yezorhwebo yabakhiqizi bemveliso yamaphepha ase-UK kunye nabaphangi be-recyclers abaneenkampani ezingaphezulu kwama-70. Iinkampani zamalungu e-CPI zineentlawulo ezipheleleyo ngonyaka we-£ 6.5 billion.
I-European Recovered Paper Association (ERPA ) I- ERPA yintlangano yezorhwebo yaseYurophu emele amaqumrhu afunyenwe ngamaxwebhu aseNtshona aseYurophu. Iphepha lokubuyisela nokubuyiswa kwakhona kwemibutho evela eBelgium, eFransi, eJamani, eHungary, e-Itali, eNetherlands, eSpain, eSweden, eSwitzerland, e-United Kingdom naseFinland ngamalungu e-ERPA.
Amathuba Ezoshishino kwiPhepha lokuThengisa iPhepha
Iphepha lokuphinda lenziwe kwakhona liyi-well established and industry-intensive. Iphepha lokubuyisela kwakhona linokuba luncedo lokwandisa iinkonzo kwiinkampani ezibuyisela ezinye izinto. Kwaye kwinqanaba loshishino, kunjalo, kukho amathuba okufumaneka kwiinkonzo ezifana nokuqokelela, ukuthutha kunye nokuhlunga.
Apho kwixesha elidlulileyo, abaphinda bahlaziye ngokutsha banokuthi bakhuphe kuphela izinto eziphinda zihlaziyeke kumthengi, njengama-pallet okanye i-scrap metal, abaphinda baxhaswa ngamasevisi namhlanje banokunyusa ukukhupha izinto ezinokuphinda zisebenziseke ezivela kumakhasimende ngexesha elinye. I- ld ikhadibhodi ene-OCC inokuqokelelwa rhoqo njengenxalenye yeeprogram zokutshabalalisa, apho i-recycler izakususa uluhlu lwemveliso ebuyiswayo ukusuka kwindawo enye, kwiloli enye. Ezi nkqubo zinomdla kumakhasimende ngokubanceda ukuba zisuse izinto ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunokuba zilinde ukuqokelela umthwalo opheleleyo wezinto eziphathekayo.
Omnye umsebenzi wokurhweba ohambelana nephepha eliphinda uphinde uphinde uphinde uphuphe. Ngokutsho kwabangaphakathi, utyalo - mali kwi $ 30,000 ukuya kwii-60,000 uhla luya kufuneka ukuba kuthengwe iloli kunye nokuhlanganiswa komatshini wokuhlambela. Ingeniso ivela kumashishini afuna iinkonzo ezifihlakeleyo ezifihlakeleyo, kunye nokuthengisa iphepha elifakwe kwi-plant back to plant.
IPhepha yokuThengisa iMithetho
Iimfuno zephepha lokubuyisela e-US ziyahluka ukusuka kummandla ukuya kwilizwe. I-Pennsylvania, iNew Jersey, iRhode Island, i-Wisconsin kunye neSithili sase-Columbia sele idlulisele imithetho efuna ukuba onke amaphepha emaphepha abuye aphinde abuyele.
ICalifornia idinga ukuba amashishini abuyele iphephandaba. E-Connecticut, kunyanzelekile ukuba bonke abavelisi beenkunkuma bahlaziye iphephandaba, amaphephancwadi kunye nephepha elimhlophe kunye nebala elikhethiweyo ngelixa ikhefu zokuvuselela iincwadi zeefowuni kunye ne-imeyile elahliwe zishiywe kumagunya asekuhlaleni kuloo ndawo. I-Maine, i-South Dakota kunye neVirginia baye bamkela iimfuno ezifunekayo zokuphindaphinda iphepha.
Iimpawu ezikhoyo kwiPhepha lokuThengisa iPhepha,
Iphepha le-recycling rate liqhubeka liphucula. Icandelo liye lachaphazela kakubi ixabiso lehlabathi kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nokuhlambuluka ngexesha leenkqubo zokubuyisela i-curbside. Olunye uphuhliso oluhle luye landa kwinqanaba le-OCC, elibhekiselele ekukhuleni kwe-e-yorhwebo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwekhaya. Enyanisweni, iphepha liya kusetshenziselwa ngakumbi ukupakisha kunye nokuncinci kwintsebenziswano, okubangela ukuxuba okuxubileyo kwezinto eziveliswayo.