I-Incoterms yinkqutyana yemigaqo yokuthengisa esetyenziswa kulo lonke ihlabathi
Intshayelelo
Iimvumelwano zentengiso ngamazwe ngamazwe okanye i-Incoterms yinkqutyana yemigaqo yokuthengisa esetyenziswa ngamashishini kuwo wonke umhlaba. I-Incoterms isetyenziselwa ukwenza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lula. Nangona i-Incoterm yimiqathango eqhelekileyo esebenziselwa ukurhweba kwihlabathi jikelele kunye nezinto zokusebenza, zincinci kakhulu-ukuba ayimfuneko-kubabanini bamashishini abancinci ukuba bazi.
Zisetyenziselwa ukwahlula iindleko zokuthengisa kunye noxanduva phakathi komthengi kunye nomthengisi.
Ii-Incoterms zaziswa ngo-1936 kwaye ziye zahlaziywa kathathu ukuze zibonise ukuphuhliswa kworhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Kukho i-Incoterms elishumi elinesithathu esetyenziswe ngamashishini-amakhulu kunye amancinci-kwaye ezi zi-Incoterms ezilishumi elinesithathu zisetyenziselwa kwiindawo ezine ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuhamba
- I-EXW ibhekisela kwimisebenzi ye-Ex kwaye ilandelwa yindawo enegama, umzekelo i-EXW Dallas. U-EXW uthetha uxanduva lomthengisi ukwenza iimpahla zifumaneke kwindawo yomthengisi. Umthengisi akayixanduva lokulayisha impahla kwizithuthi ezibonelelwe ngumthengi, oza kuthi ke abe neendleko ezipheleleyo ezibandakanyekayo ekuveliseni impahla esuka apho ukuya kwindawo efunwayo.
Inqweliso Ephezulu ayihlawulwanga ngumthengisi
I-FCA ithetha i-Free Carrier kwaye ilandelwa yindawo ebizwa ngokuba ngu-FCA Brownsville. I-FCA ithetha ukuba umthengisi ufezekisa uxanduva lwakhe lokunikezela xa linikezele ngempahla, lucaciselwe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, kwintlawulo yomthengisi ogqithwe ngumthengi kwindawo ekuthiwa kuyo. Ukuba akukho nqaku elichanekileyo liboniswa ngumthengi, umthengisi angakhetha ngaphakathi kwendawo okanye uluhlu oluchazwe apho umphathiswa ethatha impahla leyo
I-FAS ithetha i-Free Alongside Ship kwaye ilandelwa yi-port ebizwa ngokuba yithunyelwa, umzekelo we-FAS New York. I-FAS ithetha ukuba umthengisi nguye ojongene neendleko zokuthutha nokuhambisa iimpahla kunye nesitya kwichweba elizweni lakhe. Njengoko umthengi enembopheleleko yokuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle, ayikho incoterm eyenziwa ngamazwe angaphandle. I-FAS kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela ngokuthunyelwa kolwandle ukusuka kwingcinezelo kunye noxanduva lokusuka kumthengisi ukuya kumthengi xa iimpahla zifakwa kwindawo yokufikelela kwinqanawa yekhephe
- I-FOB ithetha i-Free kwiBhodi kwaye ilandelwa yi-port port of shipping, umzekelo FOB Baltimore. Nge-FOB, iimpahla zifakwa emkhombeni ngomthengisi kwi-port yokuthunyelwa ekuthiwa kwisivumelwano sokuthengisa. Umngcipheko wokulahlekelwa okanye ukulimala kwimpahla uhanjiswe kumthengi xa iimpahla zigqithisa umzila wendlela, oko kukuthi uphuma kwi-dock kwaye ubeke kwisikhephe. Umthengisi uhlawula iindleko zokulayisha impahla.
Ikhwelithi Eyona Ngundoqo Ehlawulwa Nguthengisi
I-CFR ithetha iindleko kunye neFrudity kwaye ilandelwa lichweba elibizwa ngokuba yi-destination, umzekelo iCFR eSydney. I-CFR idinga ukuba umthengisi ahlawule iindleko kunye nempahla efunekayo ukuzisa iimpahla kwindawo ebizwa kuyo, kodwa umngcipheko wokulahlekelwa okanye ukulimala kwimpahla, kunye naluphi ukwanda kweendleko, idluliselwa kumthengisi kumthengi xa iimpahla zidlula umzila weenqanawa kwi-port of shipment. Umshuwalense ngumthwalo wothengi
I-CIF ithetha iindleko, i-inshurensi kunye ne-Freight kwaye ilandelwa lichweba elibizwa ngokuba yi-destination, umzekelo uCIF Miami. I-CIF ifana neCFR kunye nemfuneko eyongezelelweyo ukuba umthengisi uthenge i-inshorensi engozini yokulahleka okanye ukulimala kwempahla. Umthengisi kufuneka akhokhe i-premium. I-inshurensi ibalulekile ekuthumeleleni kwamanye amazwe , ngaphezu kwe-shipping yasekhaya yase-US, kuba imithetho yase-US ngokubanzi ibambe iqela elifanayo lokuba lijongane nezinto ezilahlekileyo okanye ezilimele
I-CPT ithetha ukuba ithathelwe i-Payed Payment to and is followed by a place named place of destination, umzekelo iPCT Kansas City. I-CPT ithetha ukuba umthengisi kufuneka ahlawule umthwalo wokuthutha impahla kwiindawo ezibizwa kuyo. Umngcipheko wokulahleka okanye ukulimala kwimpahla kunye nayiphi na indleko ukwandiswa kokudluliselwa kumthengisi kumthengi xa iimpahla zithunyelwe ekugcinweni komphathi wokuqala, kwaye kungekhona kwinqanawa yomkhumbi
- I-CIP ithetha ukuThuthwa kweeNkcitho kunye neNtshuwalense ehlawulwayo kwaye ilandelwa yindawo ekuthiwa kuyo kuyo, umzekelo CIP Boston. I-CIP ine-incoterm efanayo inentsingiselo yokuba yi-CPT, kodwa ngaphezu koko umthengisi uyahlawula i-inshurensi malunga nokulahlekelwa komonakalo.
Ukufika
I-DAF ithetha ukuhanjiswa kwi-Frontier kwaye ilandelwa yindawo ebekwe kuyo, umzekelo uDAF El Paso. I-DAF ithetha ukuba uxanduva lomthengisi lugqityiwe xa iimpahla zifikile emngceleni kodwa phambi komda wezomthetho welizwe elibizwa ngekhontrakthi yokuthengisa. Lo mthengi uxanduva lweendleko zeempahla ukucima amasiko
I-DES ithetha ukukhutshwa kwe-Ex Ship kwaye ilandelwa lichweba elibizwa ngokuba yi-destination, umzekelo we-DES Vancouver. DES uthetha ukuba umthengisi enze iimpahla zifumaneke kumthengi kwi-nqanawa kwindawo ekuthiwa kuyo kwisivumelwano sokuthengisa. Iindleko zokulayisha impahla kunye nemisebenzi yamasiko ehambelana nazo zihlawulwa ngumthengi
I-DEQ ithetha i-Exved Ex Quay kwaye ilandelwa lichweba elibizwa ngokuba yi-destination, umzekelo DEQ Los Angeles. I-DEQ ithetha ukuba umdayisi uvumelekile ukuba enze iimpahla zifumaneke kumthengi kwi-quay kwindawo ebizwa ngekhontrakthi yokuthengisa
I-DDU ibhekiselele ukuKhutshwa kweNtlawulo engahlawulwa kwaye ilandelwa yindawo ekuthiwa kuyo kuyo, umzekelo uDDU Topeka. Umthengisi kufuneka athwale iindleko ezibandakanyekayo ekuthumeleleni impahla kunye neendleko kunye nobungozi bokufezekisa iziko. Umthengi uhlawula umsebenzi kwaye kufuneka ahlawule nayiphi na iindleko ezongezelelweyo ezibangelwa ukungaphumeleli kokususa iimpahla zokungenisa ngexesha
I-DDP ithetha ukuHlawulwa kweNdleko ehlawulwayo kwaye ilandelwa yindawo ekuthiwa yiyo yokuhlala, umzekelo i-DDP Bakersfield. Umthengisi kufuneka akhokhe iindleko ezibandakanyekayo ekuthumeleleni iimpahla kunye neendleko kunye nobungozi bokufezekisa iziko. Umthengisi uhlawula umrhumo kwaye umthengi kufuneka akhokhe iindleko ezongezelelweyo ezibangelwa ukungaphumeleli kokususa iimpahla zokungenisa ngexesha. I-DDP ayifanele isetyenziswe ukuba umthengisi akakwazi ukufumana ilayisenisi yokungenisa
I-Article ihlaziywe nguCandelo loNikezelo / uLwazi lweZakhiwo uGary W. Marion.