Isitraba esicwecwe sichazwe njengesiqhekeza okanye esingafaki. Nangona isinyithi esinezixhobo ziqulethe iqondo elithile lensimbi (igama laso liphuma kwisiLatini igama lithetha isinyithi), isinyithi esingenasinyithi asiqukethe isinyithi njengenxalenye.
Iimbini zombini ezingenamandla nezitshixo ziye zasetyenziswa ngabantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. I-Copper yayiyinto yokuqala yokwenza isinyithi, kunye nezinye izitye ezingezantsi, kuquka nesilivere negolide.
Impucuko yatshintshwa ukusuka kwi-Stone Age ukuya kwiCopper Age kunye neBronze Age. I-bronze yimbumba yethusi kunye ne-tin, enye insimbi engenzi-ferrous. Ubudala beBronze bulandelwa yi-Iron Age, eyabonakalisa ukuveliswa kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezikhutshwe kwisimbi zensimbi, ngakumbi i-carbon steel.
Isinyithi esingafakwanga yinyithi yayisisiseko sokuqala esisetyenziswe ngabantu kwi-metallurgy. Igolide, isilivere kunye nobhedu bekhona kwi-crystalline yabo yangasese kodwa ifom. Ezi kristale, nakuba ziqabile, zanele ukutsala abantu. Ngaphantsi kwe-oxygen engaphezulu kwezona zinyithi nezinye, zinokufunyanwa nakwii-outcroppings ezihlangene. I-Copper yinto yokuqala yokwenza isinyithi; kwakunotyebile ngokwaneleyo ukuba kwenziwe izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokubanda okubandayo kwaye kunokunyanzeliswa kwi-crucible. Igolide, isilivere kunye nobhedu kufakwe enye yeminye imisebenzi, njengemithi kunye namatye, ngenxa yokukwazi ukubunjwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. [10] Ngenxa yokungafani kwazo, ezi zinto zenziwe ngegolide, zesilivere kunye neethusi zenziwa njengezinto zokunethezeka kwaye zanyathwa ngokunyamekela. [11] Ukusetyenziswa kobhedu kwaye kwaphazamisa ukutshintsha ukusuka kwi-Stone Age ukuya kwiCopper Age.
Umda weBronze, owawuphumelela kwiCopper Age, waphinde wachazwa ngokusungulwa kwebhedu, i-alloy yobhedu kunye ne-tin non metal. [10]
Ngokwensimbi yentsimbi, isinyithi, i-alloy iron, yinto ephindaphindiweyo kwakhona e-United States nakwihlabathi jikelele. Isitraba esinqabileyo sinokuhlulwa ngokubanzi njengokuba kungasetyenziswa okanye kusekho ukukhawuleza.
Imithombo yeziqhekeza ezingapheliyo zibandakanya imoto, izakhiwo zensimbi, izixhobo zendlu, izithuthi zomzila, iinqanawa, izixhobo zasefama kunye neminye imithombo. I-scrap scrap, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-prime okanye i-scrap entsha, iveliswa njengemveliso yezinto zoshishino kunye nemveliso ezifana nezitampu, ukuguquka, kunye nokuchithwa. Ukukhupha i-akhawunti yeekhawunti malunga nesiqingatha se-scraous supply scrap.
Esi sici siqhutyelwa yicandelo lokubuyiswa kwesitrafti sibe yimpahla yebakala yecandelo elenza i-akhawunti engaphezulu kwe-60% yenani elipheleleyo lentsimbi eveliswayo e-United States. Ukucwangciswa okunje kwenzeka ngokusesikweni sombane we-arc. Kwakhona, i-United States ithunyelwa ngaphandle kwamatye angama-90 kumazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuthetha jikelele. ii-alloys eziqhumayo ziyamagnetic, nangona ukukhanga kwabo magnetic kuya kuhluka ngenxa yemali yesinyithi kwi-alloy. Insimbi engenasici ithathwa njengesitrato esinyeneyo kodwa ayisoloko ikhangelelwa ngamandla ngenxa yokuba inkunkuma enkulu isuswe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa .
I-Ferrous Scrap Metal kwiNtsholongwane
- Icandelo lase-US eliqingqiweyo elinamafutha lalixabiswa ngama-26.4 billion ngonyaka we-2010.
- Ngo-2015, imboni yaseSouth yase-US iphinde iphinde ibuyele ngaphezu kweetriyoni ezingama-67 zeetrikri zesilivere.
- Ngo-2016, i-United States yathumela kuphela i-11.2 yezigidi zeetrikri zeetrafra. Ukuthengiswa kwezinto kuye kwayeka ukusukela ngo-2011 ekujonganeni nokunciphisa ukufunwa kwamazwe ngamazwe.
- Izigidi ezingama-530 zeetrikri zeetrafra zatshatyalaliswa emhlabeni jikelele ngo-2010.
- Ngokusetyenziswa kweempahla eziqingqiweyo kunokuba zizinto eziyintombi ezenziwe ngentsimbi kunye neyinyithi, ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kuncitshiswa ngama-58%.
Ukubuyiswa kweeRhafu zokuThengisa iiFreyrrous Scrap
- kwiimoto: 106%
- izixhobo: 90%
- zengxowa zensimbi: 66.8%
- isakhiwo sobunci: 98%
- ngensimbi yokuqinisa: 70%
I-Wireless Ferrous Scrap Metal
Kungenzeka ukuba i-scrap engeyiyo inxalenye yenza ipesenti yexabiso elipheleleyo lezinto eziphinda zenziwe kwakhona e-United States, kodwa ngexabiso, libala ngaphezu kwesigamu se-US esebenzi ye-scrap esebenza ngokutsha, malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-32 ngo-2015. ngokucwangciswa kwezigidi ezisibhozo zeetrikri zeetrafti ezingenanto, eziveliswe kwimiba yabathengi, imithombo yoshishino kunye neyashishino, kubandakanywa ubhedu kunye neeteksi zetsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwizixhobo zedijithali, izitya zokusela, iibhetri zeemoto kunye nama-radiator, i-aluminium siding, izingxenye zezindiza ezingaphezulu .
Izinto ezifunyenwe ezingenanto, ezibandakanya i- aluminium , ithusi, inkokheli, i-nickel, i-tin, i-zinc kunye nabanye, ichithwa ngabaprocesari abese-US nakwii-100 kumazwe ngamazwe.
Izinyithi ezingenanto aziyikuhlaziywa okanye zilahlekelwe yimichiza okanye izixhobo zomzimba kwinkqubo yokubuyisela izinto, okubangela ukuba bakwazi ukuphinda bavuselelwe inani elingapheliyo lamaxesha.
Ngo-2015, imboni yaseSouth iqhutywe (ukuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokuhlaziywa kwasekhaya) ngaphezu kwe:
- 3.4 yezigidi zeetrikri zeet aluminium
- 0.83 yezigidi zeetrikri zeethusi
- 1.12 yezigidi zeetronari zeetoni kunye neengcinc
- Iimitha ezili-0.1 zezigidi ze-nickel / isinyithi esingenasici
Ngokubanzi, i-shrap shishini yabangela imisebenzi engama-150 000 ngqo kwi-US ngo-2015, kunye nemisebenzi engu-323,000 engangqaliyo. Laba basebenzi bafumana imali engama-30.8 yeebhiliyoni kwimvuzo kunye neenzuzo.