I-Institute Information Information eYunivesithi yaseConell iyahlula phantsi kwamagatya amathathu: ingaba kukho igunya phezu komntu, nokuba ingaba negunya phezu kwalo mbandela, nokuba ingaba negunya lokunikezela isigwebo esithile sifuna.
Ulawulo loMxholo kunye noMntu
Xa kuthethwa ityala lezomthetho, enye yezinto zokuqala zibandakanya apho loo meko iya kuviwa; oko kukuthi, umbuzo wolawulo kufuneka ugqitywe. Ulawulo lomgwebo wezomthetho luxhomekeke kumagunya omntu kunye nokulawula kwamatyala. Umba uya kuqala.
Ukuze ube negunya lokuva ityala, inkundla kufuneka ibe nezolawulo zombini kunye nokulawula komntu kulo mbandela. Ngokomzekelo, ityala le- bankruptcy icala lingavalelwa kuphela kwinkundla ye-bankruptcy, kodwa indawo yabantu abachaphazelekayo inquma ukuba inkundla ethile yebhanki iveze ityala. Ezinye iimeko apho kubalulekile ukubaluleka kwamatyala okufuduka kunye neengxabano zephatenteni; Bobabini kufuneka bavelelwe kwiinkantolo zombuso.
U mzekelo wo lawulo
Ubukhosi bomntu busekelwe apho amaqela (ngokuqhelekileyo ummangalelwa) ehlala okanye enempahla okanye wenza ishishini; Ezi ziqhelekileyo imiba yenkundla yenkundla.
Uninzi luyabona ukuba indawo yokuhlala kunye nendawo yezoshishino kummandla wobuqu.
Kwiimeko ezinxulumene nabathengisi be-intanethi , umxholo "oonxibelelwano oluncinci" unokusetyenziswa. Kule meko, ukuba umntu okanye ishishini "unxibelelwano oluncinci" kummandla, urhulumente angaba negunya. Ngoko, ukuba umthengisi we-intanethi ungummi we-, uthi, i-Ohio, kodwa ishishini lithatha imiyalelo evela kumntu wase-Indiana, umthengisi unokuthiwa "unxibelelwano oluncinci" e-Indiana, nase-Indiana babe nolawulo, ngakumbi ukuba umthengi e Indiana.
Iingxabano zesigxina kumatyala omtshato, kuquka ukutyelela oomkhulu, ugwetyala luya kufakwa ebudeni kwimeko yokuqhawula umtshato wokuqala. "kwikhaya lasekhaya".
Kwiimeko zokuqhawula umtshato ezibandakanya abasebenzi basezempi, kunokufikelela kwiindawo ezintathu: indawo yokuhlala esemthethweni yelungu lomkhosi; indawo yokuhlala esemthethweni yomlingane; kunye nombuso ukuba ilungu leenkonzo limi kulo.
Ulawulo lweMali yeMangalo
Ubukhosi bunxulumene nemali ekhutshwayo. Ngokomzekelo, inkundla zamatyala amancinane athathwe kwiimeko zokuvalelwa ezibandakanya inani elincinci lemali; urhulumente ngamnye ubeka umda wemali kwiimeko zamabango amancinci.
Ukuba ityala liziswa kwinkundla engenazo zombini igunya lokulawula kunye nokulawulwa komntu ukuva ityala, kuthiwa inkundla "ayinakho igunya." Icala liya kufuna ukuvalelwa enkundleni eyahlukileyo, omnye ophethe igunya kulo mbandela.
Igunya lomntu lingasetyenziselwa kwiimeko zobunini bomhlaba, nokuba umntu okanye ishishini elibandakanyekayo lisezinye iindawo. Kule meko, ibango kufuneka lihambelane nepropathi ekhoyo. Ukuba umgwebo awunanto enxulumene nepropati, loo propati ayikwazi ukusetyenziswa ukuseka igunya.
Ukwahlukana phakathi kolawulo lwe-Federal and State
Uninzi lweziganeko zivakala kwiinkantolo zombuso, kodwa iinkundla zentlangano zinegunya kwiimeko ezili-9 ezahlukeneyo:
- Amacala avela phantsi komgaqo-siseko wase-US; oko kukuthi, iimeko ezinomgaqo-siseko kwi-siseko yazo
- Amacala avela phantsi kwemithetho yomthetho kunye nemvumelwano eyenziwe yi-United States
- Ama-ambassadors kunye nabalungiseleli bakaRhulumente
- Iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe amabini okanye ngaphezulu
- Umthetho we-Admiralty, kunye
- Amatyala enkcazo.
Iimeko ezibandakanya i-IRS kunye neerhafu zentlawulo nazo zivalelwa yiNkundla yeNtlawulo yase - US, ngelixa iimeko ezibandakanya irhafu yelizwe zivalelwa enkundleni zerhafu.
Igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo
Abantu badla ngokuthi, "Ndiyithatha yonke loo ndlela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo," kodwa oko kuthetha ukuthini ngempela? Igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo liphezulu kunokuba ungacinga. Uhlawuliswa ngumgaqo-siseko wase-US ngokuhlaziywa komgwebo kwiimeko ezithile.
Funda kabanzi malunga neNkundla ePhakamileyo.
Ezinye iintlobo zoLawulo
Ezinye iintlobo zolawulo:
- Igunya lokufaka isicelo : amandla enkundla ukuva isibheno nokuhlaziya okanye ukuguqula isigqibo senkundla esedlule. Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yinkantolo yokugqibela yokufaka izicelo kwinkundla yezibheno.
- Igunya elifanayo: Ulawulo lusetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwinkundla enye kwimiba efanayo kunye nommandla omnye. I-litigant inokukhetha ukuba yeyiphi na inkundla ityala.
- Amagunya aseburhulumenteni : Igunya lesigqeba senkundla ukuba live ityala.