"I-intanethi kufuneka ihlale ivulekile. Siza kukhusela ixabiso le-intanethi evulekile, zombini kwimitha yokugqibela kunye nakwiindawo zokudibanisa." - Uwayesakuba ngumongameli weCCC uTom Wheeler
Nangona kunjalo, le meko yezinto azizange zihlale ixesha elide. NgoDisemba 14, 2017, i-FCC yavota 3-2 ukuba ichithe ukungathathi hlangothi komnatha.
I-Concept of Net Neutrality
Ngokutsho kwe-Wikipedia, intanethi okanye "intambo" yokungathathi hlangothi kufuneka isebenze kumgaqo othi "ababoneleli ngeenkonzo ze-intanethi (i-ISPs) kunye noorhulumente kufuneka baphathe yonke idatha kwi-Intanethi ngokulinganayo, kungabalulekanga okanye ukuhlawula ngokwahlukileyo ngumsebenzisi, umxholo, isayithi, isatifikethi, isicelo, uhlobo lwezinto eziqhotyoshelweyo, okanye indlela yokunxibelelana. "
Umbono wokungathathi hlangothi komnatha wenziwa kuqala ngoprofesa we-Columbia umthetho uTim Wu kwiphepha lakhe lika-2003, Ukungathathi hlangothi kweNethiwekhi, ukuThatshazwa kweBroadband. Kulo, iWu ixoxa ngazo zonke iinkalo zokungathathi hlangothi, oko kukuthi phakathi kwezicelo ("zokusebenza"), phakathi kwedatha kunye nomgangatho wenkonzo (i-QoS) -i-traffic senensitive, kunye neengozi zokufikelela kwi-Intanethi ezimbini.
I-Canada (esanda kutshintsha imithetho emitsha yokulwa nogaxekile), i-European Union (i-EU) kunye nezinye izikhundla ziye zajongana nemicimbi yokungathathi hlangothi kwiminyaka yamuva, kwaye inxalenye enkulu inemigaqo-nkqubo ngokuhambelana nesigqibo se-FCC esandula. Ngo-2009, iKhomishana yeRadio-TV kunye neTe Telecommunications Commission (i-CRTC) yamkela imithetho enqamlekileyo yokungathathi hlangothi ejoliswe ekukhuseleni ukuhamba kwee-bandwidth (ukuphuculwa kweenkonzo nge-ISPs), ukusekwa kweendlela ezinokukhawuleza kunye nokukhawuleza, kunye nokuvalwa kwewebhu.
Ukulinganisa iNkundla yokudlala kunye noNxweme
Ukusuka kwi- e-trade perspective, abaxhasi bentlalo yokungathathi hlangothi bathetha ukuba kuya kubanika abashishini abancinci ithuba lokuphefumula nge-intanethi, bangazivumeli baphumelele, xa bejongene namaqumrhu amakhulu kunye namagqwetha abo aphilileyo. Amashishini amancinci naphakathi kwinqanaba loqoqosho lwamadijithali aseMerika, ngoko ke akunakucingca ukunika izixhobo ezininzi (i-bandwidth, i-infrastructure ye-hardware, njl.) Kwi-intanethi ebizwa nge "intanethi ngokukhawuleza" kuphela isityebi esinokufikelela qho ngamaxesha. Kuya kubakhomaza ubuchwepheshe kunye nokuthengiswa kwezinto ezintsha, kwaye ushiye amandla amaninzi kunye nempembelelo ezandleni zabanye abakhethiweyo. Akukho mntu okanye phantse akukho mntu ufuna ukubuyela kwixesha le-baron ye-robon yokuxhaphaza kunye ne-oligopolistic capitalist:
"I-intanethi yinqanaba elinamandla kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kushiywe ngaphandle kwemithetho kwaye ngaphandle kompempe entsimini." - Usihlalo we-FCC uTom Wheeler
Iindlebe ezithandekayo zokungathathi hlangothi
Ulawulo luka-Obama kunye nemibutho eninzi ihamba phambili ekuqhubeni ukungathathi hlangothi komnatha kunye nokuhlelwa kwe-intanethi njengenkonzo yoluntu. Izigidi ezingaphezu kwezigidi zaseMelika zifaka izikhalazo ezisemthethweni kwiCCC ukuchasisa iinzame ngababoneleli abakhulu beefayile ezifana neVerizon kunye neComcast ejolise ekuvunyeleni ukukhetha okanye ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza.
Amazwi aphambili ekungathathi hlangothi komnatha afaka:
- I-Vinton Cerf, umseli-mveliso we-Intanethi ye-Intanethi (IP).
- UTim Berners-Lee, umdali weWebhu Yehlabathi jikelele (WWW).
- 'Iveki Yokugqibela Kwamhlanje' uJohn Oliver.
- I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
- I-Electronic Frontier Foundation.
- Uxolo oluluhlaza.
- Kickstarter.
- Vimeo.
- IMozilla Foundation.
- I-Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont).
- I-Intanethi Yombutho (inxulumano yeenkampani ze-intanethi ze-intanethi ezingama-39 kuquka i-Amazon, i-Facebook ne-Google.)
Kutheni ukungathathi hlangothi kweNtsholongwane kwapheliswa
Amazwe aseMerika ngokubhekiselele ekungathathi hlangothi komnatha ocinga ukuba umcimbi uphethwe ngokusemthethweni wawukhupha.
Nangona isigqibo se-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ngoFebruwari 26, 2015 ngokuqinisekileyo safumana unyango lwe-Intanethi njengelungileyo loluntu ( isiGaba II sesiGaba ), uphuhliso lwezopolitiko luye lwaguqula incwadi kunye nomoya wokungathathi hlangothi kwemithetho ebekelwe indawo emibini iminyaka.
Ezi zizinto eziphambili kakhulu "
1. Ukhetho luka-2016 lukaDonald J. Trump njengoMongameli we-United States.
UMongameli uTrump wayengazange afikelele kwi-Oval Office iqhutywe ngumxube ophazamisayo we-populism yezoqoqosho, i-nativism, kunye nokungafuni ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-politiki ye-America, yamajelo kunye nokuzonwabisa.
Oko kuthethwa, iimbono zikaTump zokubambisana nokungathathi hlangothi kunzima ukuzimisela, kuba urekhoda njengokuba ugxeke iCash Cable (umz. Verizon, Comcast, AT & T). Nangona kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuba abuyele kumashishini angamahhala kunye nokurhoxiswa komthetho, kwaye achaze amazwi avelele aphikisana nokungathathi hlangothi komnatha iminyaka. Lawo mazwi aquka uPetros Thiel, ngokuqinisekileyo uMongameli uTrump ophakamileyo ophezulu kwi-tech-backer ngexesha lophulo lomongameli.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukunqoba kweTrump kuqinisekisile ininzi yeRiphabhlikhi, ininzi engabandakanyeki kwiChodi yeBhodi yabaLawuli, ephethwe ngumongameli osanda kuqeshwa yi-FCC (kunye nomgxeka ongenamdla wokungathathi hlangothi) I-Ajit Pai (jonga ngezantsi).
2. Ukutyunjwa kwe-Ajit Pai njengoSihlalo we-FCC omtsha.
Usihlalo we-Pai wokulwa nokungathathi hlangothi kwinqanaba eliye lacaca ukususela ekutyunjweni kwakhe kwiKomishoni ye-FCC nguMongameli Obama ngo-2012. Ngo-2015, lowo owayengummeli weVerizon ngokuqinisekileyo wayengummeli obonakalayo kwaye obalaseleyo, omnye wabomishinala ababini ukuvota ngokumelene nomhlaba ongathathi hlangothi. NjengoSihlalo we-FCC, uMnu Pai wabekwe kwindawo yokucima le mithetho ebalulekileyo yokujonga intanethi.
NgoMeyi 18, ngo-2017, ivoti entsha ye-FCC ye-2-1 ibingumlinganiselo wokuqala wokusemthethweni ukubuyisana nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-United States. Kwaye ivoti elandelelweyo ngo-Disemba 2017 ngokusemthethweni yabuyisa ukungathathi hlangothi komnatha. Ngelixa i-activists ziza kucinezela iimeko zabo kwiinkundla kunye neeholo zeCongress, ngoku ukungathathi hlangothi kwamanye amazwe kuye kwafa.
Usuku Lokusebenza Ukungathathi hlangothi: Ukukhusela i-Internet Freedom
Iinkampani ezifana neKickstarter, iReddit, ne-Amazon zibonwe ngoJulayi 12, 2017 njenge-"iNational Neutral" Day of Action ekukhuseleni inkululeko ye-intanethi. Basebenzisa amanani amanyathelo okudala ukufundisa nokuzisa uluntu ngempembelelo embi yokuguqula ukukhuselwa kwesiGqeba sesiGaba se-FCC kuya kubakho kuwo wonke amaMerika kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngumsebenzi, ukusebenzisana kwezopolitiko, izinga lokufumana imali, njl.
I-"Battle for Net" enqamlezileyo yayikhokelwa yimibutho emithathu: Ukulwa neKamva, iNkqubela phambili, kunye neFree Press Action Action Fund. Bafuna ukuqhubela ekhaya oku kulandelayo:
- Ukungathathi hlangothi komhlaba njengengxaki yezoqoqosho. Abanikazi bamashishini amancinci, amaqalile kunye nosomashishini bafuna i-intanethi evulekileyo ukukhula, ukuthengisa kunye nokuphumelela.
- Ukungathathi hlangothi kwintetho njengenkululeko kunye nenkululeko . Ukubaluleka kokugcina iNtloko II ukuthotyelwa kwi-Intanethi ukukhusela iinqwelo zokunxibelelana kwee-telecommunications ukuvimbela, ukujikima okanye ukuphazamisa indlela yokuhamba kwewebhu.
- Ukungathathi hlangothi kobuhlanga njengombandela wobulungisa kunye noluntu. Ukugcina indawo yokudlala kwinqanaba elincinci, i-LGBT kunye namanye amaqela ahlelelekile ngaphambili ukuba adale, ahlele kwaye aphuhlise ngaphandle kokuxhatshazwa "kwikhompyutha" kubalindi abanamandla.
Ngaphandle kokuba ucinge ukuba ingxoxo yokungahambisani nokungathathi hlangothi iye yahlaziywa, qaphela ukuba kukho ezininzi izandi ezichanekileyo kunye ezinamandla ezichasayo ngokutsha ngokutsha kweCCC. Kukho olunye uhlangothi kule mpikiswano, kwaye kwelinye inqaku sihlola iingxabano malunga ne-intanethi elawulwayo , kunye nokuba ubuchule obungakumbi kunye nokutsha kuya kukhutshwa kwi-intanethi ngaphandle kwesandla esinzima somgaqo- karhulumente we-intanethi .