Isidingo Sokuphinda Sisebenzise Iiplastiki
Iiplastiki zizinzileyo, izinto ezincinci kunye nezinto ezingabizi. Ziyakwazi ukubunjwa ngokukhawuleza kwiimveliso ezahlukahlukeneyo ezifumana ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezicelo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamaplastiki kuye kwanda kwiminyaka embalwa edlulayo. Kunyaka ngamnye, iitoni ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-100 zeeplastiki zenziwe kwihlabathi lonke. Iipiliyoni ezingama-200 zezixhobo zeplastiki ezitsha zi-thermoformed, zinyanzelwe umthamo, zenziwe i-laminated kwaye zixhomekeke kwizigidi zamaphakheji kunye nemveliso. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe, ukubuyisela kunye nokubuyiswa kwakhona kweeplastiki kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ziziphi iiplastiki ezisetyenziswayo?
Kukho iintlobo ezintandathu eziqhelekileyo zeeplastiki. Oku kulandelayo kukho imveliso eqhelekileyo oyifumanayo nganye yeplastiki:
I-PS (i-Polystyrene) - Umzekelo: i-foam iziselo zokusela ezishushu, iiplastiki, izitya kunye ne yogurt.
IPP (Polypropylene ) - Umzekelo: iibhokisi zexesha lesidlo, ukukhupha izitya zokutya, iziqulatho ze-ice cream.
I-LDPE (i - polyethylene ephantsi ) .
I-PVC (i-Plasticised Polyvinyl chloride okanye i-polyvinyl chloride) -Umzekelo: i-bottle, i juice okanye ifake ibhotile.
I-HDPE (i-polyethylene ephezulu). - Umzekelo: izitya ze-shampoo okanye iibhotile zebisi.
I-PET (i-polyethylene terephthalate) - Umzekelo: ijusi yezithelo kunye neebhotile zokusela.
Okwangoku, i-PET kuphela, i-HDPE, kunye neeplastiki zePVC ziphinda zenziwe kwakhona phantsi kweenkqubo zokubuyisela i-curbside. Ngoko, i-PS, PP, kunye ne-LDPE ayifakwanga kwakhona ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zeplastiki zizinamathele kwizixhobo zokuhlengahlengiswa kwiindawo zokuvuselela izinto ezenza ukuba ziphule okanye zime. Izixhobo kunye neepopu zeebhotile azikwazi ukuphinda ziphinde zenziwe kwakhona. "Ukubuyisela kwakhona okanye ukungabi nokubuyisela kwakhona" ngumbuzo omkhulu xa kuziwa ngokuphinda kwiplastiki. Ezinye iintlobo zeplastiki aziphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokuba zingenakwenzekayo kwezoqoqosho ukwenza njalo.
Ezinye zePlastiki zokuSetyenziswa kwakhona kwePlastiki
- Ngeyure nganye, baseMerika basebenzisa iibhotile zeeplastiki eziyizigidi ezi-2.5, ezininzi zazo zilahlwe.
- Unyaka wonke, iiplastiki ezaneleyo ziphonswa ngaphandle ukujikeleza ihlabathi ngezihlandlo ezine.
- Unyaka wonke, amaMelika alahleka malunga nama-25,000,000,000 kwiikhofu zekhofi.
- Ngokweengxelo ze-ACC kunye ne-APR, malunga neepesenti ezingama-30.9 zeebhotile zeplastiki zenziwa kwakhona.
- Okwangoku, iipesenti ezingama-25 zeplastiki ziphinda zenziwe kwakhona eYurophu.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwiplastiki kusetyenziswa i-88% engaphantsi kwamandla kunokuvelisa iiplastiki kwizinto ezintsha zokuvelisa.
- Njengamanje, malunga neepesenti ezingama-50 zeeplastiki esizisebenzisayo ziphonswa ngaphandle emva kokusetyenziswa omnye.
- I-akhawunti yePlastics yeepesenti ezili-10 zesizukulwana esitsha sehlabathi.
- Iiplastiki zithatha iminyaka engama-500 ukuya ku-1000 ukuhlaziywa.
- Iiplastiki ezigqityiweyo elwandle ziyahlahlela zibe ziincinci kunye nonyaka kunyuka i-100,000 izilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nezigidi ezilwanyana zaselwandle zibulawa zidla ezo ziqwenga zeplastiki.
- Amandla agcinwe ukususela kwi-bhotile yeplastiki enye angakwazi ukunika amandla i-bulb ye-100 watt ukukhanya malunga neyure.
- Okwangoku, iChina yodwa ingenisa iipesenti ezingama-56 zeplastiki ezenziweyo emhlabeni jikelele.
Inkqubo yokuPanda iPlastiki
Inkqubo elula kakhulu yokubuyisela iiplastiki iquka ukuqokelela, ukuhlunga, ukuhlamba, ukuhlamba, ukunyibilika, kunye ne-pelletizing. Iinjongo ezithile zithile zihluka ngohlobo lwe-plastic resin okanye uhlobo lwemveliso yeplastiki.
Uninzi lwamaziko aseplastiki asetyenziso lweeprojekthi zisebenzisa ezi zilandelayo zilandelayo:
Inyathelo lokuqala: Ukuhlela iiplastiki ngokuzenzekelayo okanye ngohlobo oluthile lokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iinqambi zisuswa kumjelo wamanzi eplastiki.
Inyathelo Elibini: Ukucofa iiplastiki ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo entsha okanye ukutshitshisa kwiifleksi uze udibanise ngaphambi kokugqitywa ekugqibeleni.
Amashishini okuPhatha iPlastiki
Imibutho yokuphinda iphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde ikhuthaze ukuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo zeplastiki, ivumele amalungu ukuba akhe kunye nokugcina ubudlelwane phakathi kwezixhobo zokubuyisela iiplastiki kunye nokunyanzelisa urhulumente kunye neminye imibutho ekuncedeni ukudala indawo engcono kakhulu kwiplastiki yokuphinda iphinda iphinde ibuyele.
Umbutho we-Plastic Recyclers (APR): I- APR imela imboni yeplastiki yokuphinda isetyenziswe. Imele amalungu ayo aquka iinkampani zeplastiki zokubuyisela zonke ubukhulu, iinkampani zeplastiki yomthengi, iimveliso zeplastiki ezenziwayo, ii-laboratories zokuhlola kunye nemibutho ezinikezele ekuqhubeleni phambili nokuphumelela kwiplastiki. I-APR ineenkqubo ezininzi zemfundo ukuhlaziywa kwamalungu ayo malunga nobuchwepheshe bokubuyisela ubuchwepheshe beeplastiki kunye nokuphuhlisa. Isebenza ekuphuculeni umgangatho kunye nokwandisa ukunikezelwa kweemveliso ezenziwe ngokutsha ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zobugcisa, ukuqeqeshwa kwenkampani, izisombululo zoyilo kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya.
Iiplastics Recyclers EYurophu (PRE): Eyilwe ngo-1996, i-PRE imele i-plastic recyclers eYurophu. Okwangoku, unamalungu angama-115 avela kwiYurophu yonke. Ngomnyaka wokuqala wokusungulwa, amalungu ase-PRE aphinde aphinda amathani angama-200 000 enkunkuma yeplastiki, nangona ngoku ixabiso langoku lilonke lidlula ii-2.5 yezigidi zeetoni. I-PRE ilungiselela imibukiso yeprojekthi yeplastiki kunye neentlanganiso zonyaka ukwenzela ukuba amalungu ayo axoxe ngokutsha kwimihla kunye neengxaki kumashishini.
I-Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI): I- ISRI imela ngaphezu kwe-1600 encinci kwiinkampani ezinkulu zelizwe lonke zibandakanya abavelisi, abaprojekthi, abadayisi kunye nabathengi bezityalo ezininzi zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zempahla. Amalungu axhamliweyo kulo mbutho wase-Washington DC-based zibandakanya izixhobo kunye nabanikezeli benkonzo abalulekileyo kwi-scrap industry.
IiNtshumo eziNje zoPhuculo lwePlastiki
Izinto ezintsha eziqhubekayo ekubuyiseleni ubuchwepheshe ziye zenza inkqubo yokubuyisela iphlastiki ibe lula kwaye ibe nexabiso elininzi. Ubuchwephesha obunjalo baquka abafumaneki abanokuthenjwa kunye nesisombululo esinobuchule kunye nesofthiwe esaqaphelayo ngokubanzi ekuphuculeni imveliso kunye nokuchaneka kokukhethwa ngokuzenzekelayo kweeplastiki. Ngokomzekelo, abahloli be-FT-NIR banokugijima ukufikelela kwiiyure eziyi-8,000 phakathi kweziphene kwi-detectors.
Enye into ephawulekayo emitsha kwiplastiki yokuphinda isetyenziselwe ekufumaneni izicelo eziphezulu kwiipolymers ezenziwe ngokutsha kwiinkqubo zokuphinda zenziwe ngokutsha. Ukususela ngo-2005, umzekelo, iifayile ze-PET ze-thermoforming e-UK zingaqulethe i-50 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-70 ekhulwini kwi-PET ngokusetyenziswa kwe-A / B / A yamaphepha.
Ngoku nje, amanye amazwe e-EU kuquka iJamani, iSpain, iItali, i-Norway ne-Austria sele iqalile ukuqokelela iipakethe ezinzima ezifana neebhotile, ii-tubs kunye nee-trays kunye nokulinganiselwa kwemilinganiselo yokuthumela umthengi ngokulandelanayo, umzekelo, iifrapp kunye nefilimu. Ngenxa yokuphucula kutshanje kwiindawo zokuhlamba kunye nokuhlaziya ubuchwepheshe, ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwale mibhobho engekho ibhotile yeplastiki kuye kwenzakala.
Imingeni yeComputer Recycling Industry
Ukuphindaphinda kwiplastiki ibhekene nemingeni emininzi, ukusuka kwiiplastiki ezixubekileyo ukuya kwiindawo ezithinteleyo. Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ixabiso elifanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo komlambo weplastiki oxubekileyo mhlawumbi umceli mngeni omkhulu ojongene neshishini lokuvuselela. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukuyila iiplastiki kunye nezinye iimveliso zeplastiki ngokuphinda zibuyele engqondweni zingadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekujongene nalo mngeni.
Ukubuyiselwa nokubuyiswa kwakhona kwe-post-consumer-packaging packaging ingxaki. Izixhobo ezininzi zokubuyisela izinto kunye nabasemagunyeni basemaphandleni abayiqokeleli ngokuthe ngqo ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwizixhobo ezinokuzihlukanisa ngokufanelekileyo nangokulula.
Umngeni obalulekileyo kumashishini kukuba kuphela iipesenti ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-40 eepesenti zeplastiki ezifunyenweyo ziphinde zenziwe kwakhona ukuze ziphinde zisebenzise kwakhona. Icandelo leeplastiki liyaqhubeka nokwazisa kwaye liqhuba iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela ukuze kuzame ukuphucula ukubuyiswa. Kungekudala, icandelo labucala liye lisebenza ngamandla ekukhangeleleni iindlela zokunciphisa inkunkuma yeplastiki.
Umba weplastiki yolwandle, obangelwa kukuqokelelwa kweeplastiki elwandle ngokungenasenzo, kuye kwaba negalelo ekukhuthazeni ukucinywa kwenkunkuma eplastiki. I-plastic yolwandle ilindeleke ukuba ibe kathathu kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.
Imithetho yePlastiki yokuLungisa
Ukubuyiswa kwakhona kweebhotile zeplastiki kuye kwenziwa igunya kwiindawo ezininzi zase-United States kuquka neCalifornia, Connecticut, eMassachusetts, eNew Jersey, eNorth Carolina, ePennsylvania naseWisconsin. Nceda ulandele iifowuni ezifanelekileyo ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha zemigaqo yokubuyisela iplastiki kwiphondo ngalinye.
Inqaku lokugqibela
Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ngokubaluleka kubalulekile ekuphatheni okuphambili kwiplastiki yokulawula. Ukwandiswa kwamazinga okubuyiswa kwemiphumo kubangelwe kukuqwashisa koluntu kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kwezinto zokubuyisela kwakhona. Iimpawu zilindeleke ukuba ziqhubeke, kodwa ukuqhubela utyalo-mali kuqhubekelo kuphando nophuhliso kuya kuba yintloko yokunqoba iingxaki zobuchwepheshe.
Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezinto ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwemveliso yeplastiki kunye nokupakishwa kwamashishini kunye nokupakisha kuya kwenza ukuba i-industrial recycling rate ikhulise amazinga aphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuguqula ezinye iindawo zokuphelisa iiplastiki ezisuka ekuhlaleni. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kommandla we-polymmer, kubalulekile ukunyusa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokucaciswa kwamabakala asetshenzisiweyo njengendawo yokubuyisela iiplastiki ezintombi.