Iimali zee-inshurensi zilawulwa njani

Ummiselo ungumgangatho weSizwe, kungekhona kwi-Federal

Njengomthengi we- inshorensi yoshishino , unokuzibuza ukuba ngubani obeka iirhafu ozihlawulayo kwimigaqo-yorhwebo . Ingaba batshorensi bangahlawulisa nayiphi na irhafu abayikhethayo okanye iirhafu ezibekwa ngabalawuli? Ngaba ngaba bhorensi abalawulwa yilizwe okanye urhulumente? Eli nqaku liya kuphendula loo mibuzo.

Iimali ze-Intshulamu zilawulwa nguRhulumente

Iinkampani zomshuwalense zilawulwa yilizwe. Urhulumente ngamnye unomzimba olawulayo ojongene nemicimbi yomshuwalense.

Eli qumrhu lidla ngokuba liSebe le-Inshorensi, kodwa abanye bathi basebenzisa amanye amagama. Imizekelo yi-Ofisi yoMkomishinala we-Intshu (waseWashington) kunye neCandelo loLawulo lweMali (Oregon). Isebe le-inshurensi liholwa ngukomishinala. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko, umkomishinala we-inshorensi angaqeshwa okanye akhethwe.

Zonke izilawuli zilawula iirhafu ezisetyenziswe kwezinye iintlobo ze-inshorensi. Umlinganiselo wemimiselo uhluka ngokubanzi ukusuka kwiphondo ukuya kwilizwe. Amanye amazwe asebenza ngokulawula ngokuqinileyo xa abanye bebancipha kakhulu. Uninzi lwamazwe luwela kwindawo ethile phakathi.

Kutheni kungekhona uMgaqo weSithili?

Iinkampani ezininzi ze- inshorensi ziqhuba ishishini kummandla welizwe. Abambalwa benza ishishini malunga nawo onke amazwe. Kutheni kungabikho i-insurers elawulwa ngu-federal government? Impendulo iphambili kumthetho odlulileyo ngo-1945 obizwa ngokuba yiMcCarran-Ferguson Act. Lo mthetho unikezela igunya lokulawula abaqinisekisi. Umthetho wenziwa ngokuphendula kwisigqibo seNkundla ephakamileyo yase-US kunyaka odlulileyo.

INkundla inqume ukuba ishishini le-inshorensi yenze i-interstate yorhwebo. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente wephondo unelungelo lokulawula i-inshurensi.

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakemeyo sisongela ukunyusa imboni ye-inshorensi ngokuphelisa ulawulo lwelizwe. UMthetho weMcCarran-Ferguson ubuyisela amandla kula mazwe.

Inika ilungelo lokuhlawula irhafu nokulawula abaqinisekisi. Nangona kunjalo, umthetho uqulethe izinto ezintathu eziphambili:

• Abashuseli baxhomekeke kwi-anti-trust-federal yezenzo kwizinga abangalawulwa ngumthetho kaRhulumente.
• Urhulumente wephondo unokudlula imithetho ye-inshorensi ephakamisa imithetho yelizwe.
• Abaqinisekisi baxhomekeke kwimithetho yombuso ekubambeni ukuba bangabandakanyeki nasiphi na isithintelo, ukunyanzelisa okanye ukwesatshiswa.

Ngo-2010 iNkcazo yadlulisela uMthetho we-Dodd-Frank, owabeka imithetho emitsha kwiziko lemali. Umthetho wasungula i-Federal Insurance Office (i-FIO). Le nkonzo inxalenye yeSebe laseMelika leNondyebo. Yadalwa ukubeka iliso kwishishini lomshuwalense ukuqinisekisa ukuba lizinzile ngokwezemali. I-FIO iyilungu leengcebiso kuphela. Akunalo igunya lokulawula phezu koomatshirensi.

Injongo yeMimiselo yoMgaqo

Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba kutheni i-state ilawula ixabiso le-inshorensi. Enye kukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso ayenzi ngokweqile. Ukungabikho kwemimiselo, abaqinisekali bangahlawulisa amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu kwaye avelise inzuzo eninzi. Injongo yesibini iyahluke, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu. Umshuwalense ohlawula iirhafu ezingaphantsi kwexabiso angathengisa imigaqo emininzi, kodwa engenakho imali yokuhlawula amabango. Iimali kufuneka zaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba aba bhorensi bahlale bezahlulo.

Injongo yesithathu yomthetho womshuwalense kukuthintela ukucalulwa okungafanelekanga. Abasemagunyeni base- inshurensi bavunyelwe ukubandlulula ngokukhetha abanye abathengi bomshuwalense phezu kwabanye, kodwa izizathu mazibe zivumelekile. Ngokomzekelo, abasebenzisi be-underwriters bangahlawulisa umlinganiselo ophezulu okanye ophantsi esekelwe kwimbali yamabango yomgaqo-nkqubo. Ibhizinisi elingazange lifumane iibango zangaphambili zeemoto zingahlawula ngaphantsi komgaqo-nkqubo wendlela yokuthengisa ngaphandle kweshishini elifanayo eliye laqhuba ukulahlekelwa kwezinto ezininzi. Abancinci banokubandlulula ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yobungozi. Umshuwalense angakhokhisa ngaphezulu ukuqinisekisa isakhiwo esingenasiphelisi somlilo kunesakhiwo esifanayo esityhilwa ngokupheleleyo.

Abaqinisekisi bavinjelwe ekucaluleni abachaphazelekayo kumgaqo-nkqubo ngokusekelwe kwimibandela engahambelani neengozi eziqinisekisiwe. Imizekelo yintambo, inkolo kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe.

Ezinye iimpawu zingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iintlobo ze-inshurensi kodwa kungabikho abanye. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi baye bavumela abo batshutshisi ukuba baqwalasele iminyaka yobudala, isondo kunye nesimo somtshato kwisilinganiselo sokujonga ngokuzenzekelayo. Ezi zinto azihambelani nokulinganiswa kwezithuthi zorhwebo .

Iintlobo zeMithetho yeMithetho

Zonke iindawo zilawula ukulawula amanqanaba asetyenziswa ngabaqhankqalazi. Nangona kunjalo, imithetho ye-inshorensi yemithetho iyahluka ngokubanzi ukusuka kwiphondo ukuya kwilizwe. Amanye amazwe anemithetho eqinile efuna ukuvunywa kwangaphambili kwazo zonke iirhafu. Abanye banemithetho enyanisekileyo engafuneki ukuvunywa kwangaphambili. Abaninzi badinga ukuvunywa kwangaphambili kwamanani athile.

Kukho iintlobo ezintandathu ezisisiseko zemithetho yomshuwalense.

1. Ukuvunywa kwangaphambili Abaqinisekisi kufuneka bafake amanani kwi-rating rating of state kwaye balinde imvume phambi kokuba bayisebenzise. Kwamanye amazwe, i-inshurensi inokucinga ukuba iirhafu ziye zavunywa ukuba akuzange zivele ngenye indlela kwiSebe le-inshurensi ngaphakathi kwexesha elithile (njengeentsuku eziyi-90).
2. Ifayile kunye nokuSebenzisa abaQinisekisi kufuneka bafake amaxabiso abo kunye ne-arhente yokulawula kodwa baqale ukuwasebenzisa ngokukhawuleza emva kokufowunelwa.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kunye neFayile AbaQinisekisi bangasebenzisa amaxabiso amatsha ngokukhawuleza kodwa kufuneka bafake umlawuli ngexesha elithile.
4. Ukuguqulwa kwangaphambili kweeNkxaso- mboleko Kumele bafumane ukuvunywa kwangaphambili kuphela kwiinguqu zentengo ezibangelwa ukuphuculwa okanye ukungonakaliswa kwamava okulahlekelwa ngumshwalense.
5. I-Flex Rating Abaqinisekisi kufuneka bafune imvume yokutshintshwa kwezinga eligqithise ipesenti echaziweyo. Ngokomzekelo, abatshutshisi banokufunwa ukuba bafumane imvume yokuqala ngaphambi kokuba banda okanye banciphise amazinga abo ngaphezulu kwama-5%.
6. Akukho Batshutshisi Abafakiweyo abafaki ukuba bafake amaxabiso okanye bafumane imvume evela kumlawuli.

Abaninzi basebenzisa udibaniso wale mithetho. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente angadinga i-inshurensi ukuba afumane ukuvunywa kwangaphambili kweerhafu ezisetyenziswe kumgca womntu, kodwa vumela abo batshutshisi ukuba "bafake iifayile kunye nokusebenzisa" amaxabiso asetyenziswe kwimigca yezorhwebo. Uninzi lwamanqanaba okulinganisa avumela abalawuli belizwe ukuba bangavumeli amazinga asele anikezelwe. Ngokomzekelo, umkhomishinala we-inshorensi angabhalela umgcini-inshurensi ekusebenziseni amaxabiso afakwe phantsi komthetho "wokusetyenziswa kunye nefayile" ngokubhekiselele ekubeni amaxabiso ayanele.

Imithetho yesithandathu yemilinganiselo echazwe ngasentla idlalwa ngamacandelo amabini: imithetho yangaphambili yokuvunywa kunye nemithetho yokulinganisa ukuncintisana. Imithetho yokulinganisa ukukhuphisana yileli xesha lidibeneyo elibandakanya yonke imithetho yokulinganisa ngaphandle kwaleyo idinga ukuba amazinga aya kuqala.

Okwangoku, iiprogram ezimbalwa kuphela zineemvume zokuthobela kuqala ezisebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo ze-inshurensi. Phantse kwisithathu salo mhlaba akanalo mthetho wokuthobela imvume ngaphambili. Amazwe asele adibanisa ukuvunyelwa kwangaphambili kunye nemithetho yokulinganisa ukuncintisana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amaxabiso asetyenziswa kwiinshurensi yoshishino alawulwa ngumgaqo ongaphantsi kunezo ezisetyenziselwa yinshurensi yakho.

Iingxaki Ngaphambi kokuvunywa

Imithetho yokuvunywa kwangaphambili isekelwe kwinqanaba lokuba ukungenelela karhulumente kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso akwaneleyo kodwa angabi ngokugqithiseleyo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, abaninzi abameli bomthetho baye baxhasa le ngcamango. Kule minyaka embalwa edlulileyo, ke, i-legislators ifumene ukuba imithetho engaphambili yemvume ingabangela iingxaki ezinzulu.

Into enye, inkqubo yokulinganisela isekelwe kwimvume yangaphambili ixabiso. Bobabini batshorensi kunye nabalawuli belizwe kufuneka baqeshe abasebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso afakwa kwaye ahlaziywa ngokuhambelana nomthetho. Ama-insurers asebenza kumazwe amaninzi anemithwalo eyongeziweyo, ekubeni iimfuneko zokufayili ziyahluka ukusuka kummandla ukuya kwilizwe. Iindleko ezenziwa ngabaqhorensi kunye nee-arhente zorhulumente zidluliselwa kubathengi be-inshurensi. Ngaloo ndlela, amaxabiso amaninzi aphakamileyo kumazwe angaphambi kokuvunywa kunokuba abo banemithetho yokulinganisa.

Okwesibini, imithetho yangaphambili yokuvunyelwa yakha amazinga aphantsi kakhulu. Abalawuli bahlala benqanda ukunyuswa kwamazinga afunwa ngabaqhorensi, okwenyuka ukunyuka. Xa amaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu, aba-inshurensi banokulahlekelwa yimali. Xa amaxabiso ekugqibeleni ekunyuka, imeko yezemali yabashurensi ihlawuleka. Isiphumo senza i-profits and lost losses.

Imithetho yokuvunywa kwangaphambili inokudala i-inshurensi yokunyuka kwe-inshurensi. Xa amaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu ukuhlawula ilahleko kunye neendleko ze-inshurensi, abanye abaqinisekisayo bashiya urhulumente. Abanye banqwenela ukungena. Isiphumo siyancipha ukufumaneka kwe-inshorensi. Inkonzo kunye nokukhethwa kwemveliso kunokubandezeleka. Xa amaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu, abaqinisekisi abanomncinci omncinci wokuphuhlisa iimveliso ezintsha okanye ukuphucula inkonzo.

Ekugqibeleni, imithetho yangaphambili yemvume ingakhokelela ekuthengeni abagugu abanomdla kwinqanaba elijongene nobungozi . Ezi zicwangciso kufuneka zibe yimarike yokugqibela. Ziyilungiselelwe abathengi abasemgangathweni abangenakufumana umgaqo-nkqubo ovela kwi-insurer. Nangona kunjalo, xa i-inshurensi ayitholakali kwi-insurers "rhoqo", abathengi abaphakathi kwemingcipheko baphoqelelwe kwiiplani zobungozi.

Iinzuzo zoMgangatho wokuQinisekisa

Ngenxa yeengxaki ezinxulumene nemithetho yangaphambili yokuvunywa, amaninzi amazwe asetyenzisile inkqubo yawo yolawulo ngokumisela ukulinganisa. Imithetho yokulinganisa i-Competitive isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba ukhuphiswano luza kuvelisa amazinga angenakuphakama okanye aphantsi kakhulu. Le mithetho iye yaphumelela kumazwe amaninzi kuba ishishini lomshuwalense lihluka kakhulu. Kukho iinkampani ezininzi ze-inshorensi, kwaye akukho nanye inkulu ngokwaneleyo ukulawula ukuthengisa. Ngokutsho kweNkcazelo ye-Intshushurensi, kwakukho iipropati ezingaphezu kwe-2500 / i-inshuwalense yabasebenzi e-United States ngo-2015.

Imithetho yokulinganisa i-Competitive inikezela ngenani leenzuzo kubathengi be-inshorensi. Enye ixabiso eliphantsi. Abatshutshisi banako ukunciphisa amaxabiso abo xa beyazi ukuba banokuzikhawuleza kamva ukuhlawula ilahleko. Okwesibini, ukusebenza kwemali yabatshutshisi kuhambelana ngokubanzi kwinkqubo yokulinganisa. Xa iingeniso kunye nokulahlekelwa ziqikelelwa, ezinye i-inshurensi ziya kungena kwilizwe. Njengoko inani labagcini-mali likhuphuka, ukhuphiswano lwabaqinisekisi luya kwanda. Oku kunceda ukugcina amaxabiso aphantsi. Ukhuphiswano lwezokhuphiswano lukhuthaza abaqinisekisayo ukuba baphucule inkonzo yabo kwaye bahluke iimveliso zabo ukutsala abathengi.

Ekugqibeleni, umgangatho wokukhuphisana udala isidingo esincinci sezicwangciso zengozi. Xa abatshutshisi bafuna abathengi abatsha, abaninzi abathengi be-inshorensi bayakwazi ukufumana ingxelo kwiimarike eziqhelekileyo. Izicwangciso zobungozi obanikezelweyo zingasebenza njengoko zenzelwe, kwaye aziyi kukhuphisana nabanini-bhankithi abaqhelekileyo.